Affane
(Athmethan) civil parish in medieval times
Niall
C.E.J. O’Brien
Introduction
The Normans divided
present-day County Waterford into eight cantreds one of which was Athmethan,
now written as Affane. The cantred is likely to correspond to the later Barony
of Athmethan which in 1320 included five civil parishes.[1]
This article explores one of those civil parishes, namely; Affane.
Grant
of Affane to Thomas Fitz Anthony
On 3rd July
1215 Thomas Fitz Anthony, seneschal of Leinster, secured a hereditary grant of
all the royal lands in the Counties of Waterford (except the city of Waterford)
and Desmond (Cork) along with the custody of Waterford castle, Dungarvan castle
and the castle and city of Cork and custody of the escheat lands in those
places. The grant to Fitz Anthony was a reward for his support given to King
John who was fighting rebel barons in England at the time. Fitz Anthony’s
feudal lord, William Marshal was one of the chief commanders of the royalist
army.
For this substantial
grant Thomas Fitz Anthony was to pay a yearly rent to the crown of 250 marks
(he paid an upfront fine of 100 marks in July 1215). In addition, Fitz Anthony
was given the office of hereditary sheriff of both counties, the only such
creation in Ireland. To increase his income Fitz Anthony also got half the
prisage on wine in Waterford city where he was the constable. Thomas Fitz
Anthony needed this and other revenues because the cost of defending and
maintaining the castles across the two counties fell to him to pay for.[2]
For more on Thomas Fitz Anthony see = http://celtic2realms-medievalnews.blogspot.ie/2015/02/thomas-fitz-anthony-thirteenth-century.html
The
cantred of Affane (Athmethan)
The grant of County
Waterford included the cantred of Affane. In 1320 the cantred of Affane, also
referred to as the Barony of Affane (Athmethan) included not just the civil
parish of Affane but also included the civil parishes of Aglish (Gallys),
Clashmore (Glasmore), Kilmolash and Whitechurch (Keppagh, alias Cappagh).[3] The
caput of the cantred was at Affane
but where? Was it near the parish church which was beside the present Church of
Ireland building or on the site of the later Affane house or Mount Rivers? The
caput could have been an earlier construction of Dromana castle? The records
are just not available to say – only an archaeological dig in a few places in
the parish could attempt to form an answer.
The Barony of Affane
was retained as an administrative area for local and national government
purposes into the sixteenth century. In 1570 or maybe even then, the medieval cantreds/baronies
of Affane, Owath, Slefgo, Dungarvan and Omynws were swept away to form the
large Barony of Decies.[4] In
the eighteenth century the Barony of Decies was divided into the Barony of
Decies and the Barony of Decies within Drum. The civil parish of Affane is
today located in the Barony of Decies.
Cantred/barony of Athmethan (Affane)
source Waterford History and Society figure 6.1
Thomas
Fitz Anthony removed from the Decies
Thomas Fitz Anthony was
a person of the age of King John. Although he continued in office after the
coronation of King Henry III he was of a different age. The minority of Henry
III and the King’s changeable opinion of people made it difficult to last the
distance. In 1223 relations between Thomas Fitz Anthony and the regency council
of King Henry III entered a difficult period. In June 1223 Thomas Fitz Anthony
was ordered to appear at court to show by what charters he held the escheat
lands in Counties Waterford and Desmond and within the city of Cork. It was
suggested that Fitz Anthony was withholding money due to the crown. Fitz
Anthony failed to show up and on 3rd June 1223 he was stripped of
his lands in Ireland. These were given to John Marshal (died 1235), the marshal
of Ireland.[5]
At a later date the Counties of Decies and Desmond were given to Richard de
Burgh.[6]
Thomas Fitz Anthony died in 1229 leaving five daughters as his co-heirs.[7]
The
Devereux family at Affane
Long before Thomas Fitz
Anthony lost the lands of Decies and Desmond he knew that his reign would not
last. In an effort to secure some land for his family from the royal grant
Thomas Fitz Anthony arranged for portions granted away from his own name and become
estates held directly from the king. Before 1223 Thomas Fitz Anthony gave the
cantred of Affane to John Devereux. When Thomas Fitz Anthony died in 1229 the
crown recognised John Devereux as lord of Affane and granted him a charter for
the lands to be held of the king at a rent of 31 marks per year.[8]
Although no proof is
yet forthcoming it would appear that John Devereux married a sister and
co-heiress of Emma, wife of William de Dene and daughter of Helen Fitz Anthony,
daughter of Thomas Fitz Anthony. John Devereux was alive in 1234 and was
possibly dead by 1236 when the rent from his estate was granted to Richard
FitzEly but other evidence such as the founding of a house of Friar Minor in
New Ross in 1256 suggests that John Devereux lived longer.[9]
John Devereux was
succeeded by his son Stephen Devereux. In 1261 a major family disputed occurred
between the heirs of Thomas Fitz Anthony over the land of Offergus which is the
triangular area bounded on the north by the River Bride, on the east by the
River Blackwater and on the west by the present boundary between Counties Cork
and Waterford. John FitzThomas and Margaret his wife, John de Norrach, Stephen
Archdeacon and Desiderata his wife sued William de Dene and Emma his wife and
Stephen Devereux. All the other characters in the court case were daughters or
sons-in-law or descendants of Thomas Fitz Anthony which strengthens the opinion
that John Devereux was related to Fitz Anthony. It appears that William de Dene
and Stephen Devereux won the court case as their descendants continued to hold
Offergus into the fourteenth century.
Stephen Devereux did
not long enjoy his inheritance of Affane and Offergus as he died shortly after
1262. He was succeeded by his daughter, Ismania who before 1272 had married
Jordan de Exeter II of Athlethan, otherwise called Ballylahan, in County Mayo.
Jordan de Exeter was sheriff of Connacht in 1269-70 and again in 1279 and
served two terms as constable of Roscommon castle in 1280 and 1285. On his
marriage to Ismania Devereux, Jordan de Exeter became lord of Affane, half of
Offergus (the other half held by the heirs of William de Dene) and two fees at
Acheteyr in Co. Kilkenny.
The
rent for Affane by the county sheriff
On 28th
April 1287 Maurice Russell, sheriff of County Waterford, paid £10 6s 8d to the
Dublin exchequer for the rent for Affane and in May 1289 he paid the same
amount.[10]
The
de Exeter family at Affane
In October 1291 Jordan
de Exeter paid the rent of £8 for Affane and in May 1292 he paid two payments
of £10 6s 8d and 46s 8d.[11] In
1292 King Edward I granted the land of Decies to Thomas FitzMaurice and
Margaret his wife as descendants of John FitzThomas, son-in-law of Thomas Fitz
Anthony. The royal grant excluded four named people who held land in Decies
directly of the king and Jordan de Exeter was one of the four.[12]
On 22nd
April 1293 Jordan de Exeter paid £10 6s 8d to the Dublin exchequer for the
rent. At Easter 1295 he paid 100s. Later in November 1295 Jordan de Exeter had
fallen foul of the authorities so that along with paying £6 6s 8d for the rent
of Affane he paid 5½ marks and 93s 4d for failing to keep the peace.[13]
In April 1296 Jordan de
Exeter paid the usual rent of £10 6s 8d. Yet at the same time he was in trouble
again with the authorities. Roger Meuryk had pledged to have Jordan de Exeter
to appear before the authorities on some unknown matter, but failed to have
Jordan there on the day and so Roger paid a fine of 20s for this failure. In
November 1296 Jordan de Exeter paid an additional £7 3s 4d for the rent of
Affane.[14]
On 4th May
1297 Jordan de Exeter paid 15½ marks for Affane and in October 1298 he paid the
usual rent of £10 6s 8d as he did in 1299.[15]
On the death of Thomas Fitzmaurice, lord of the Decies in 1299 it was found
that Jordan de Exeter held Affane of the King in chief for which he paid £20
13s 4d per year or 31 marks.[16]
For more on Thomas Fitzmaurice see = http://celtic2realms-medievalnews.blogspot.ie/2015/02/thomas-apa-fitz-maurice-of-desmond_28.html
People
of Affane
In October 1285 Richard
le Blunt of Athmethan paid forty pence to the Dublin exchequer as a fine for
not performing his office.[17]
On 12th October 1298 Geoffrey Brun of Athmethan paid a half mark for
the chattels of John and Brydyn McCollan, felons of that district, to the
Dublin exchequer.[18] In
the period 1302 to 1307 Richard Bykhampton was commissioner of the peace for
the district of Affane.[19] In
July 1375 John Brown and David Waleferk were collectors in the cantred of
Affane of the lay subsidy granted to William de Windsor, viceroy of Ireland, at
the Kilkenny Parliament.[20]
The
value of Affane
We saw earlier how the
rent for Affane was worth £10 6s 8d per year to the Dublin exchequer. Other
measures to see the value of Affane in medieval times include to contribution
of 100s from Affane to the 1300 Scottish war campaign of King Edward I.[21]
Parish
of Affane
About the same time of
1302 the parish of Affane was valued at £6 16s 4d on which it paid the papal
tax of 13s 7½d. Affane ranked fifteenth in value in the Diocese of Lismore out
of eighty-eight different benefices including parishes and abbeys.[22] Affane
parish was subject to the rectory of Dungarvan.
In about 1742 Bishop
Este of Waterford and Lismore told Charles Smith, the historian, that the
rectory of Affane was with the impropriator and the full value of the vicarage
tithes of the parish was £25 from which £6 was paid in tax to the King’s Bench.
There was no glebe land and the Earl of Cork was the then patron. The church
was in repair and in constant service.[23]
In the early twentieth
century Canon Patrick Power recorded that there was little remaining of the
medieval church at Affane. Instead the outline of the church could be seen in
the ground just south of the later nineteenth century church.[24]
The names of the vicars
of Affane in medieval times are mostly unknown. The best documented was Philip
O’Keith in about 1487.[25] As
well as being a vicar of Affane Philip O’Keith was a canon at Lismore cathedral
where between 1487 and 1503 he was named as a papal judge on a number of occasions.[26]
Medieval church site to the right of Affane 19th century church
The
de Exeter family of Affane in the fourteenth century
In October 1301 Jordan
de Exeter paid the usual rent for Affane while at the same time serving as
sheriff of County Waterford.[27] On
10th My 1302 Jordan de Exeter paid £10 6s 8d for the rent of Affane.[28]
The surviving records get a bit patchy after 1307 but it seems the de Exeter
family held Affane for many decades.
Jordan de Exeter (alive
1310) and Ismania Devereux (dead by 1305) were succeeded at Affane by their
son, Jordan de Exeter III. In 1302 Jordan de Exeter III held half of Offergus
by grant from his parents. Jordan de Exeter III fought in the Scottish wars and
was rewarded with the wardship and marriage of the heir of Richard de St.
Michael.[29]
Jordan de Exeter was
dead before 1316 when his brother, Stephen de Exeter was named as holding the
two fees of Acheteyr. But Stephen de Exeter was killed in 1316 at Ballylahan in
Mayo leaving Matilda as his widow and an heir under age. Stephen’s brother
Meiler de Exeter became guardian of Stephen’s property in Connacht until the
heir came of age. In 1317 the escheator accounted for £31 8s 7½d of two parts
of the rent of Affane from 10th August 1316 to 14th May 1317
on the lands of Stephen de Exeter at Gallys, Annagh, Affane and elsewhere in
the barony of Affane. There was also £2 18s ½d from increments. £1 6s 6d was
deducted from the rent for 318 acres sown before the death of Stephen at 1½d
per acre. From 14th May 1317 until 20th November 1318 the escheator collected £15 14s 3d from two parts of Affane from the income from lands, dovecots, weirs, pannage, tollbolt, pleas and perquisites of the court with £1 9s in increments.[30]
Meiler was killed in
1317 and was succeeded by his son Meiler de Exeter who died in 1326 when his
uncle, John de Exeter, succeeded as heir. Stephen’s property in Co. Waterford
included Aglis, Annagh, Affane and other lands in the Barony of Affane. The
manors of Cappagh and Clashmore within the Barony of Affane were held by
Thomas, son of Richard de Burgh, from the heirs of Stephen de Exeter. The
Waterford lands were entrusted to John, son of Robert le Poer, and he held them
until 1326 when the property passed to John de Exeter, brother of Stephen de
Exeter.[31] In
1322 the arrears of rent for Affane as owed by Jordan de Exeter was £93 of
which £62 covered the years 1319-1322.[32] In
1326 it was reported that John, son of Robert le Poer, owed £267 3s 3¾d in
arrears of rent for two thirds of Affane which belonged to Stephen de Exeter.[33]
The other one third was possibly held in dower by Stephen’s widow, Matilda.
In the sheriff’s
account for County Waterford covering the years 1327 to 1336 it was said that
Jordan de Exeter owed £248 in arrears of his rent to the Crown for the cantred
of Affane. But King Edward III quashed the debt and declared Jordan to be free
of all arrears.[34]
By 1355 John de Exeter
was succeeded as lord of Affane by his son, Jordan de Exeter, who in 1358 held
the manor of Affane in chief from the King. Jordan de Exeter was falsely
accused of been in rebellion against the King while sheriff of Connacht and his
property was temporally seized by the government.[35]
Jordan de Exeter was
succeeded to his lands in Connacht, Waterford and Cork by his son, Meiler de
Exeter. In 1374 Meiler de Exeter recovered Affane as part of the County
Waterford estates which the government had seized to recoup the debts of
Meiler’s father. Meiler de Exeter also recovered lands in Kilkenny and Cork.[36]
Meiler de Exeter was dead by 1380 when the sheriff of Connacht was ordered to
deliver Meiler’s lands to John, son of John de Exeter. In 1382 John de Exeter
recovered Affane from the government while ten days later John, son of William
de Exeter, was granted custody of Offergus in medieval Co. Cork. The de Exeter
family had Affane in 1400 but after that date the records get scarce.[37]
The de Exeter family
continued to live in County Mayo into the late sixteenth century and had
numerous members.[38]
But it would seem that the Waterford property after 1380 passed from the direct
line of the family to one cousin after another and eventually got lost in the
darkness of the fifteenth century. When Affane and the barony of Affane
re-emerges in the sixteenth century and seventeenth century, the Fitzgerald
family of Dromana own most of the property in the former barony.
Dromana
and Fitzgerald property in Affane parish
In the Civil Survey of
1640 Gerrott Fitzgerald of Dromana held the townlands of Dromannymore,
Ballyhanemore and Dromroe which measured one ploughland and two thirds of a
ploughland or 800 acres, worth £91.[39]
Gerrott Fitzgerald was a lineal descendant of Thomas Fitz Anthony and in July
2015 Gerrott’s descendants held a celebration of 800 years association with
Dromana and County Waterford.
In the mid fourteenth
century, James Fitzgerald, 7th Earl of Desmond, settled the
Fitzgerald lands in County Waterford (known anciently as the Decies), on his
younger son, Gerald Oge Fitzgerald. Gerald Oge established his chief seat at
Dromana within the parish of Affane and his descendants still live in the house.[40]
Although the Fitzgerald and later Villiers Stuart family of Dromana left an
extensive archive of documents few survive to record the family’s activities in
medieval Affane.
Other
lands of the Earl of Desmond in Affane parish
Apart from the three townlands
held by the Fitzgerald family of Dromana it appears that the Earl of Desmond
retained property rights in Affane parish long after Decies was given to Gerald
Oge Fitzgerald of Dromana. After the Second Desmond Rebellion of 1579-1583 all
the lands of the Earl of Desmond were seized by the English government and
parcelled out to various people called Undertakers who undertook to plant
Munster with English settlers. In 1586 Sir Christopher Hatton, Lord Chancellor
of England, received the manor of Knockmoan and various other lands in County
Waterford including 1,422 acres of Affane which was said to be formerly
belonging to the late Garret Fitzgerald, 15th Earl of Desmond.[41]
After the death of Sir
Christopher Hatton his Irish property passed to a relative, Sir William Hatton
who before 1596 sold it to the D’Alton family. In the 1630s Sir Richard Boyle,
1st Earl of Cork, purchased Affane from Richard Dalton along with
other property at Cappoquin, Salterbridge and Kilmolash.[42]
In the Civil Survey of 1640 the Earl of Cork held Affane.[43]
Cranaghtane
townland in Affane parish
On 1st
October 1382 Richard Fitz Nicholl, granted various properties in County
Waterford to Sir Thomas de Mandeville including Cranaghtane. Richard Fitz Nicholl
appears to have held these lands in trust for the Mandeville family, possibly
as part of a marriage settlement. Magina, daughter and heir of Roger Fitz
Nicholl, married Maurice, son of Sir Walter de Mandeville and this Sir Walter
was the father of Sir Thomas de Mandeville.[44]
The de Mandeville
family were connected to the Fitzgerald family, Earls of Desmond and Lords of
the Decies. Sir Walter de Mandeville was married to Royse Fitz Gerald fynn
Fitzgerald and they both were alive in the mid fourteenth century. In 1341
Thomas de Mandeville, son of Sir Walter de Mandeville, and Anestace his wife
conveyed the manor of Kilmanahan to Maurice Fitzgerald, 1st Earl of
Desmond, in return for an indenture of military service.[45]
The Fitzgerald family, Earls of Desmond, were descendants and heirs of Thomas
Fitz Anthony. Did Cranaghtane come to the Mandeville family by the marriage of
Sir Walter to Royce Fitzgerald or as part of the 1341 indenture? As noted above
the Fitzgerald family retained ownership of part of Affane parish since the
grant to Thomas Fitz Anthony in 1215 and even after his transfer of lordship of
Affane to the de Exeter family.
By 1378 Sir Thomas de
Mandeville had remarried and his new wife was Joan Power.[46]
Her marriage settlement may also have brought Cranaghtane to the Mandeville
family. In July 1427 Milo Power made an enfeoffment of Norrisland, on the west
bank of the River Blackwater from Affane parish to John Fitzthomas and
Catherine his wife. This enfeoffment shows the Power family with property
interests adjacent to Affane parish. Yet we simply don’t have the necessary
document or documents to take the history of Cranaghtane back beyond 1382.
Maurice de Mandeville and
Magina Fitz Nicholl had a son called Henry de Mandeville who was the father of
Walter de Mandeville. On 16th August 1456 Walter, son of Henry de
Mandeville, granted unto his son Edmond de Mandeville various lands in County
Waterford that were the ancient property of the Mandeville family. Cranaghtane
in the parish of Affane was part of this inheritance.[47]
By the seventeenth century the Mandeville family of County
Waterford had changed the spelling of their surname to that of Mansfield and
their descendants are known by the latter name to this day. On 20th
September 1631 Sir Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork, paid £20
sterling for the land of Cranaghtane, near Cappoquin from Mrs. O’Brien. This
woman was the widow of Walter Mansfield junior and had married Mr. O’Brien
after Walter’s death. Previously, the land of Cranaghtane was conveyed by
Walter Mansfield senior of Ballynemultinagh, onto his son Walter and his then
wife.[48]
Thus Cranaghatane appears among the property held by Richard Boyle in the Civil Survey of 1640.
Affane
at the end of the medieval age
The medieval age is
said to have ended in 1534 when King Henry VIII of England exchanged his title
of Lord of Ireland to that of King of Ireland. By 1640 the medieval and Tudor
ages had come and gone. Yet in the Civil
Survey of 1654 which recorded the land of Ireland as it was in 1640 we get
some version of Affane parish as it was in earlier times. In 1640 Sir Richard
Boyle, Earl of Cork, held the townlands of Affane, Cloghdahiny and Cranaghtane
which measured 2½ ploughlands and an eight part of a ploughland or 1,000 acres,
worth £105 15s. Gerrott Fitzgerald of Dromana held the townlands of
Dromannymore, Ballyhanemore and Dromroe which measured one ploughland and two
thirds of a ploughland or 800 acres, worth £91. Pierce Roche of Curraghroche
held the final townland in the parish, that of Curraghroche, measuring a
quarter of a ploughland or 100 acres and worth £15.[49]
The other half of Curraghroche townland was in the parish of Kilmolash where
Pierce Roche held a quarter of a ploughland or 80 acres and was worth £10 2s.[50]
The land around Affane church
Conclusion
The Civil Survey of 1640 is very much
Ireland’s Domesday Book. If the Anglo-Normans made a survey like the Domesday
Book in 1250 it would be a wonderful resource to compare the start and end of
the medieval age and help fill in many of the blanks in the medieval story of
Affane. The above article has tried to fill in some of the blanks and like the
story of many other places in medieval Ireland is a work in progress. Maybe
someday in the future a dusty manuscript in an old cupboard could help to fill
in more gaps in the story – we live in hope.
===============
End of post
==============
[1]
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(eds.), Waterford History and Society (Geography
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[2]
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[3]
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[4]
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[5]
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[6]
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[7]
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[8]
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[9]
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[10]
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[11]
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[13]
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[14]
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[15]
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[16]
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[17]
H.S. Sweetman (ed.), Calendar of
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[18]
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[19]
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[20]
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[21]
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[22]
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[23]
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[24]
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[25]
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[26] J.A.
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(Stationery Office, London, 1960), pp. 142, 187, 190 ; Michael J. Haren (ed.), Calendar of entries in the Papal Registers
relating to Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. XV, 1484-1492 (Stationery
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[27]
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[28]
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[29]
Eric St. John Brooks, Knight’s fees in
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(Stationery Office, Dublin, 1950), p. 223
[30]
Eric St. John Brooks, Knight’s fees in
Counties Wexford, Carlow and Kilkenny, 13th-15th century
(Stationery Office, Dublin, 1950), p. 224; Forty-second
report of the Deputy Keeper of the Public Records in Ireland (Stationery
Office, London, 1911), pp. 16, 23
[31]
Eric St. John Brooks, Knight’s fees in
Counties Wexford, Carlow and Kilkenny, 13th-15th century
(Stationery Office, Dublin, 1950), p. 224; Forty-second
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Office, London, 1911), p. 68
[32] Forty-second report of the Deputy Keeper of
the Public Records in Ireland (Stationery Office, London, 1911), p. 39
[33] Forty-fourth report of the Deputy Keeper of
the Public Records in Ireland (Stationery Office, London, 1912), p. 25
[34] Forty-fourth report of the Deputy Keeper of
the Public Records in Ireland (Stationery Office, London, 1912), p. 24
[35]
Eric St. John Brooks, Knight’s fees in
Counties Wexford, Carlow and Kilkenny, 13th-15th century
(Stationery Office, Dublin, 1950), p. 225
[36]
Elizabeth Dowse & Margaret Murphy, ‘Rotulus Clausus de Anno 48 Edward III –
a reconstruction’, in Analecta Hibernica,
no. 35 (1992), pp. 126, 127
[37]
Eric St. John Brooks, Knight’s fees in
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(Stationery Office, Dublin, 1950), pp. 225, 226
[38]
Goddard Henry Orpen, Ireland under the Normans, 1169-1333 (Four Courts Press,
Dublin, 2005), Vol. III, p. 198
[39]
Robert Simington (ed.), The Civil Survey
A.D. 1654-1656 County of Waterford, Vol. VI with appendices (Stationery
Office, Dublin, 1942), p. 47
[40]
Gerald O’Carroll, The Earls of Desmond: The Rise and Fall of a Munster Lordship
(author, 2013), p. 20
[41] Frank
O’Brien, The O’Briens of Deise
(Birchcorp, 2001), p. 68; Melanie O’Sullivan & Kevin McCarthy, Cappoquin: A Walk Through History
(Cappoquin, 1999), p. 52
[42]
Melanie O’Sullivan & Kevin McCarthy, Cappoquin:
A Walk Through History (Cappoquin, 1999), p. 55
[43]
Robert Simington (ed.), The Civil Survey
A.D. 1654-1656 County of Waterford, Vol. VI with appendices (Stationery
Office, Dublin, 1942), p. 47
[44]
K.W. Nicholls, ‘Abstracts of Mandeville Deeds, NLI. MS.6136’, in Analecta Hibernica, No. 32 (1985), pp. 9,
11, 19
[45]
K.W. Nicholls, ‘Abstracts of Mandeville Deeds, NLI. MS.6136’, in Analecta Hibernica, No. 32 (1985), pp.
8, 15
[46]
K.W. Nicholls, ‘Abstracts of Mandeville Deeds, NLI. MS.6136’, in Analecta Hibernica, No. 32 (1985), p. 15
[47] K.W.
Nicholls, ‘Abstracts of Mandeville Deeds, NLI. MS.6136’, in Analecta Hibernica, No. 32 (1985), p. 7
[48] Rev.
Alexander Grosart (ed.), The Lismore
Papers, first series, vol. III, p. 101
[49]
Robert Simington (ed.), The Civil Survey
A.D. 1654-1656 County of Waterford, Vol. VI with appendices (Stationery
Office, Dublin, 1942), p. 47
[50]
Robert Simington (ed.), The Civil Survey
A.D. 1654-1656 County of Waterford, Vol. VI with appendices (Stationery
Office, Dublin, 1942), p. 55
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