Wednesday, November 17, 2021

Carlow Liberty: a medieval time line of events

 

Carlow Liberty: a medieval time line of events

Niall C.E.J. O’Brien

Before 1247 Carlow along with Kilkenny, Wexford, Kildare and parts of modern day County Laois formed part of the liberty of Leinster. William Marshal inherited Leinster by his marriage to the daughter of Richard de Clare (otherwise known as Strongbow) and was succeeded by his five sons in turn. But when the last of the five sons died in 1247 without a male heir the lordship of Leinster was divided equally among the five daughters of William Marshal on which occasion the liberty of Carlow was created. The following time line is by no means an exclusive list of events that occurred in the liberty of Carlow in medieval times but should help researchers get a broad outline of the liberty’s history. A number of items relating to the liberty of Wexford are included as the two liberties had a number of events in common.

The partition of Leinster, 1247

1247, 3rd May: the great lordship and liberty of Leinster was partition among the five daughters of William Marshal after the last of his five sons died without leaving any male heirs. The total value of Leinster was about £1,716 7s 8½d with each heir getting £343 5s 6½d.[1] In addition to the Irish property, the estates of William Marshal in England and Wales were also partitioned five ways with a temporary extra division made for Walter Marshal’s widow.

Matilda, or Maud, was the eldest daughter, and in 1247, the only surviving daughter. In 1207 she married Hugh Bigod, Earl of Norfolk and after his death in 1225 she married William, Earl Warenne, who died in 1240. Matilda died in 1248 and was succeeded as lord of Carlow by his son, Roger Bigod, 4th Earl of Norfolk, and Marshal of England which he inherited from his mother. Roger died in 1270 and was succeeded by his nephew, Roger as 5th Earl who in 1302 surrendered his whole estate to the king. After his death in December 1306 Carlow and substantial estates across England passed to King Edward 1. In 1307 the lordship of Carlow was worth £343 0s 1½d.

Matilda Marshal received the liberty of Carlow with the burgess of Carlow, the assizes and perquisitis of the county along with the manors of Ballydunegan, Futhered, and Tamulyn, all in Carlow. The castle of Old Ross, the burgess of New Ross, and the Great Island on the Barrow below New Ross, all in Wexford. Matilda also got the manor of Ballysax in Kildare along with knights’ fees in Carlow and Wexford.[2]

Joan Marshal, the second daughter, received the liberty of Wexford. After 1219 she married Warin de Munchensi and had a son, John de Munchensi (Monte Caniso) who in 1247 represented his deceased mother. But John died shortly after the partition and was succeeded by his sister Joan, wife of William de Valence, King Henry III’s half-brother, and on 13th August 1247 they received seisin of the liberty of Wexford. The property consisted of the burgess of Wexford, the assizes and perquisitis of the county, along with the manors of Rosslare, Carrick, Ferns and Bannow with the vill of Taghmon. The estate also received the manor of Odagh in County Kilkenny along with knights’ fees across County Wexford. William de Valence was made Earl of Pembroke in 1264 and died in 1296. Joan de Valence died in 1307 and was succeeded by her third and only surviving son Aymer de Valence.[3]

The liberty provided all the functions of local government as the sheriff did in other counties while the four pleas: arson, rape, treasure trove and forestalling, were reserved to the king.[4]

 


Carlow castle


Liberty of Carlow

1250: Theobald Walter, Butler of Ireland, grants a large estate to Res son of Philip bounding the estate of Baltinglass abbey in the cantred of Offelmet (Tullowphelim) in Carlow[5]

1259/1283: Theobald Walter received land in Lower Ormond from Robert Talebot and gave Robert land in the cantred of Offelmeth, Carlow which belonged to William son of Philip by gift of Fromund le Brun[6]

1260-1261: account of Hugh de Aleby seneschal of Carlow to the Dublin exchequer[7]

1275: sheriff of Dublin told to go to New Ross and seize any ship there not of the liberty of Leinster that hadn’t first got to Waterford notwithstanding any rights of the liberty of Carlow[8]

1275: account of William le Grasther, seneschal of Roger Bigod in Carlow to the Dublin exchequer[9]

1275-1276: account of the temporalities of Leighlin = total £120 5s 3d[10]

1275-1279: account of Robert Kokerel, seneschal of Carlow for Roger Bigod, to the Dublin exchequer = paid £63 14s 68d to the Dublin treasury and £24 outstanding[11]

1279 to 1288: the longest run of manorial accounts relate to the manor of Forth in Carlow between 1279 and 1288 when held by the Bigod Earls of Norfolk[12]

1279-1280: account of Philip de Bokelaund, seneschal of Carlow for Roger Bigod, to the Dublin exchequer = seneschal owes £94 8s 10½d while Earl Roger owes £445 11s 3½d = subsequently the seneschal paid £59 10s 11d then a further £25 2s as part of the service of Tristedermott and later paid another £10 15s 11½d and owes £5[13]

1280-1282: account of Philip de Bokelaund, seneschal of Carlow for Roger Bigod, to the Dublin exchequer = seneschal owes £78 5s ½d while Earl Roger still owes the £445[14]

1282: Theobald le Botiller and Philip de Rupella exchanged various lands in modern-day Counties Wicklow, Dublin and Carlow = this including land at Rush given by Theobald to Philip except the extend at Rush which was granted to William de Valle for life in exchange for William’s land at Roscatte (Roscat) in Carlow[15]

1282-1283: account of William Cadell, seneschal of Carlow for Roger Bigod, to the Dublin exchequer = seneschal owes £227 13s 1½d while Earl Roger still owes £445 = Art McMurrough owes £300, William de Caunteton £200 and another £200 for failed pledges = the county owes £33 for the army of Leinster = seneschal paid £206 2s 8½d and owes £50 2s 1d[16]

1288: Geoffry Fitz Ris gives all his land in Omayl in the counties of Kildare and Carlow to John de Sandford, Archbishop of Dublin for fifteen years for a silver penny at Easter[17]

1294-1302: Sir R. de Reidun was seneschal of Carlow[18]

1297: the Irish from Slievemargy attacked Leighlin and other towns in Carlow[19]

1299: in an action in the Carlow liberty court concerning land a person outside the liberty was called to warrant therefore the seneschal was told to redirect the case to the Dublin bench for resolution[20] 

William de Haukeswell was seneschal of Carlow[21]

1301-2: Richard de la Rokele was seneschal of Carlow[22]

1302: in the summer or autumn the government attacked the O’Nolans of Carlow[23]

1302: John Fitz Thomas was granted free warren in his lands in Counties Kildare, Carlow and Limerick which included the lands of Taghmothok and Ballynignon in Carlow[24]

1302: King Edward granted to Eustace le Poer free warren on all his estates in Counties Waterford, Kilkenny, Connacht, and Tipperary and at Nermy and Kilmohede in county Carlow = witnessed by Aymer de Valence, among others[25]

1302, May: account of John Swein, king’s receiver in County Carlow of the property lately belonging to Roger Bigod in the king’s hand by feoffment = total £16 4s 7d paid to Earl’s seneschal[26]

1302-1306: account of County Carlow by John, clerk and attorney of John de Houtone, the seneschal of Roger Bigod = total £93 13s of which 100s paid into Dublin treasury and£88 13s outstanding[27]

1306: the liberty of Carlow reverted to the crown and was briefly made a royal shire[28]

1307: parts of the Carlow liberty were in neglect by 1307 with Carlow castle without a tenant and rents declining[29]

1307-8: Simon de Heyford, one of the executors of Roger le Bigod, delivered the audited account rolls for the years 8-18 and 24 Edward 1 relating to the manors of Carlow, Forth, Fennagh, Ballysax, Old Ross and New Ross[30]

1308: Walter Cane, constable of Carlow castle for the king, desires to have the same fee as other constables are wont to have[31]

Carlow/Wexford

1247: the Bigod lordship included the liberty of Carlow along with extensive knight’s fees in Carlow (23¼ fees and 1/20 fee) and Wexford (12¾ fees)[32] = the Wexford fees were located along the east coast, in mid county and scattered places across southern Wexford from New Ross to Carnsore Point[33]

1247: some tenants like Adam Keating held knight fees from the Bigod and Valence lordships, namely Slievecoiltia in Shelburne from the Bigod fee and Kilcogain from the Valence fee[34]

1288: the seneschals of Carlow, Wexford, Kilkenny and Kildare told to defend the marchlands along the River Barrow corridor[35]

1307: the liberty of Carlow pays £44 8s 10d and the liberty of Wexford pays £44 8s 10d as does the liberty of Kilkenny while the liberty of Kildare paid 100 marks[36]

1307: the Bigod share of Leinster included knight fees in Wexford and Carlow[37]

 

Liberty of Carlow

1307-1313: account of lands and tenements formerly belonging to Roger Bigod, late Earl of Norfolk, in Carlow and Wexford = receipts £42 10s 5d[38]

1307-1309: account of Adam Bretoun, receiver of the former lands in Carlow, Wexford and Kildare = £380 receipts[39]

1307-1309: accounts of Arnald le Poer and John de Boneville, seneschals of Carlow and of Adam Bretoun, Gilbert le Paumer and John Lyuet, sheriffs, to the Dublin exchequer[40]

1308, August-October: Arnald le Poer, king’s seneschal in the liberties of Kildare and Carlow[41]

1308, October – April 1309: John Boneville, king’s seneschal in the liberties of Kildare and Carlow[42]

1309: temporalities of Leighlin in the king’s hand July to November 1309 = £18 6s 8d = demesnes answered nothing as tilled before bishop’s death[43]

1309-1313: account of Adam Bretoun, sheriff of Carlow, to the Dublin exchequer = owes £117 4d = he further paid into treasury £188 and owes £33[44]

1310, February: John Boneville, king’s seneschal of Carlow and Kildare was killed allegedly by Arnald le Poer in collusion with the Irish of the Leinster Mountains = in July a jury said David de Offyntoun committed the killing[45]

1310: Thomas of Brotherton (born 1300) was granted the former estates of Roger Bigod[46]

1311: John son of Richard Cadel grants to Edumd Walter, Butler of Ireland, his manor of Clonleynan in Carlow saving a piece of land called Strynelond in exchange for the land of Smetheston in the barony of Ballygaveran[47]

1311: murage grant to the town of Old Leighlin[48]

1312: Thomas of Brotherton was created Earl of Norfolk = the liberty of Carlow was renewed[49]

1312: Walter de Druhull quitclaims his lands at Ballymackclathne in Obargy in Carlow to John de Cliftone, his wife and heirs[50]

1313, March: the manor of Oboy in Carlow and a mill of Jerpoint were given to three persons by King Edward II on a three year lease at £20 per year rent = parcel of the estate of the late John de Hastings during the minority of his son Laurence. Inquisition before the seneschal of Carlow found the property was part of the dower of Isabella de Hastings and transfer effective August 1313[51]

1313: escheator answers nothing for two parts of the land of Richard Talun at Taghmolyng which were held in capite to the king and the rent of the two parts as property deliver to John Talun before the escheator had title[52]

1313-1317: account of Adam Bretoun, sheriff of Carlow, to the Dublin exchequer = owed £33 but allowed same for defending Carlow with horse and foot soldiers = owed £91 for the account of Thomas, Earl of Norfolk, and paid £24, allowed £26 for good service, £34 pardoned to Earl Thomas and owes £7 = John de Lynet, late sheriff, owes £40 of which allowed £20 for fighting Irish in Idrone and fighting the Scots, allowed a further £20 for dead charger in battle against the Scots and thus owes 16s 11d[53]

1315: Adam le Bretton asks that his expenses incurred fighting the Irish be allowed against his account as sheriff of Carlow[54]

1316, June: king takes into his hand manor of Oboy in Carlow on the death of Isabella de Hastings = escheator answers nothing as manor in the march = given to Thomas Fleming at ten marks per year rent[55]

1316-1317: escheator accounts for land of Reymund Chevere held in capite to the king in County Carlow and given to Walter Purcel, tenant in capite = 17s 9¼d[56]

1317: John de Cliftone grants his lands at Ballmaclathne in Estirmoy in County Carlow to John le Botiller as fully and freely as he received same from William de Druhull = witnessed by Adam de Britton, seneschal of Carlow, among others[57]

1317: John Aythan releases to Robert Russell, burgess of Rosponte (New Ross) nine acres of land at Le Redeleie within the burgery of New Ross which property was bounded by the land of Thomas de Brotheton, Earl of Norfolk and Marshal of England on the south and by that of Robert Russell on the north and in breath between the land of Robert Russell on both sides[58]

1317: Thomas de Brotherton as Earl of Norfolk and Marshal of England was a witness with others including Aymer de Valence, Earl of Pembroke, of a confirmation grant in 1317 by King Edward II to the creation in 1316 of Thomas Fitzgerald as Earl of Kildare and the grant of the liberty of Kildare to him and the further grant of the sheriffdom of Kildare which was retained by the crown in 1316[59]

1319: Thomas, Earl of Norfolk, requested an allowance of £33 at the Dublin exchequer because his Carlow tenants were so impoverished by the destruction of the Scots and Irish[60]

1319, circa: Thomas, Earl of Norfolk, requests an allowance of £100 and more at the Dublin exchequer because the seneschals of Carlow cannot carry out their duties and the Earl has received no revenue from his Irish lands[61]  

1322: Richard le Forester quitclaims to John le Botiller of Tiperold all his messuages, land and rents at Rathenegys in Obargy, in County Carlow and all rights, marriages, courts, paths etc., along with commons in woods, moors, turbaries and mountains at Balmaclathne[62]

1322: Robert Power, parson of Killabban, was outlawed for not appearing at the Dublin bench to answer as bailiff of Killabban for John de Hastings but got pardon as John said he was satisfied with Robert’s account[63]

1323, April: escheator answers nothing for two parts of the land of William, son of Maurice de Caunteton in the liberty of Carlow as it was given to Walter de Caunteton on the killing of Robert, son of Maurice de Caunteton = Elizabeth, widow of William, owes for land in Munster[64]

1329: the O’Nolan’s raided across Carlow and even captured the Earl of Ormond’s brother[65]

1333: Thomas de Brotherton granted the liberty of Carlow with all manors, property, knights’ fees and rights to his son-in-law, William de Montacute for life and if the grantee dies within 15 years to remain with his executors and then to William son of Alice and William[66]

1333-4: Brother Roger Outlaw sent to Carlow and six other counties to treat with English and Irish lords about keeping the peace[67]

1338: died Thomas, Earl of Norfolk = division of his estate between his widow, Mary (d.1362), Beatrice (d.1383), widow of Edward Brotherton, and the two daughters of Thomas; Margaret wife of John Lord Segrave (ward of Thomas Brotherton 1325-1336) and Alice wife of Edward Montague (d.1361)[68]

Margaret de Brotherton stayed in England and Carlow was in the king’s hand because no one came to Ireland to defend the land = Margaret de Brotherton granted the liberty of Carlow to the Earl of Pembroke and lord of Wexford without licence[69]

1338: the jurisdiction of the liberty of Carlow seems to have disappeared shortly after and the area became an ordinary royal county when the sheriff as the chief official in place of the seneschal

1341-4: John Moriz, deputy justiciar, made war against the McMurrough Kavanaghs in Fothird and against the O’Nolan[70]

1344: Mary, wife of late Thomas, Earl of Norfolk, appointed John de Lasseles and Godfrey Folejaunbe as her Irish attorneys for the succeeding three years[71]

1347-8: Thomas Wogan paid £50 p.a. as royal constable of Clonmore castle, Co. Carlow[72]

1347-9: Robert Ward paid £6 13s 4d p.a. as constable of Carlow castle[73]

1348-9: grant £2 to the Carmelites of Leighlin to repair the tower beside the bridge at Leighlin[74]

1349: Walter Keating, chaplain, grant two thirds of the manor of Ardbristyn to James de Valle along the reversion of the third part and with succession to various members of the de Valle family[75]

1350: Thomas Heyne, chaplain, grants to John Bretoun various lands in and around County Carlow[76]

1350: the O’Nolan’s attack Fotherd and burn the vills of Kilbele and Killergy[77]

1354: Henry Traharne was sheriff of Carlow[78]

1355: the bishop of Leighlin with the sheriff and other county officials can parley with the English and Irish and resolved any conflict or damage inflicted by either side on the other[79]

1355-6: the O’Nolan’s were attacked by Thomas de Rokeby, justiciar of Ireland = the O’Nolan’s attacked an unnamed Carlow castle and were seen off by a small force of Nicholas Faucounberge[80] = the O’Byrne’s were also attacked but not totally defeated[81]

1356: murage grant to the town of Tullow in Carlow[82]

1358, June: John de la Freigne to have Kilmehide manor in Carlow, formerly held by Eustace le Poer and taking into the king’s hand by forfeiture[83]

1358, August: the communities of Kildare and Carlow concluded a peace with the Irish which proved only temporary[84]

1358-9: William de Vale, sheriff of Carlow, defended the county against attacks by the O’Nolan’s and killed some of their chiefs = Sir John de Cornwall got money from the Dublin government to rebuild Kilbele castle destroyed by the O’Nolan[85]

1359: Thomas Wale of Johnstown, Co. Carlow got £20 as sheriff of Carlow for killing a few members of the O’Nolan family and repelling the O’Byrne family[86]

1359-60: Patrick de la Freygne received £20 for keeping troops at Dulnagh wood near Leighlin to defend against McMurrough attacks = William de Vale got £9 10s in part pay of £20 granted to him for expelling the O’Nolans from Carlow and other Irish who almost destroyed he county[87]

1360-1: granted to John Britton of Carlow £6 13s 4d because his lands were destroyed by the Irish and his tenants expelled such he has little to live on = granted to Carmelites of Leighlin £6 13s 4d to keep armed troops within the friary and help repair the broken down bridge[88]



Black castle, Leighlinbridge beside the bridge


1361: the Irish exchequer and judiciary moved from Dublin to Carlow because Dublin was too remote and such features like the River Barrow made communication better from Carlow[89]

1361/2: died Mary, Countess of Norfolk, widow of Thomas of Brotherton[90]

1365: Lionel of Clarence, lieutenant of Ireland, recovered many of the rural lands in Carlow[91] = many of these lands were in waste and held by absentee landlords. Lionel re-granted the estates to others who could better defend the properties[92]

1365, May: King Edward granted to William Ilger the manor and towns of Tankardeston, Conkangan, Kilmeghon, Betteston, and Sabyneston in Offelmyth in Carlow recovered as waste ground from the Irish by Lionel of Antwerp and by the failure of the previous owners not garrisoning the recovered property within a fortnight after the feat of St. John the Baptist thus it was given to William Ilger[93]

1365, August: William Ilger granted to James le Botiller, Earl of Ormond, the manor and towns of Tankardston, etc., that he had received from the crown in May 1365 by a deed signed at Tullagh in Offelmyth[94]

1365-6: Michael White paid £20 p.a. a royal constable of Clonmore castle, Co. Carlow = 1365-6 Robert de Hilton paid £5 p.a. as constable of Carlow castle[95]

1368, July: Anne, daughter and heir of Walter de Mauny, Lord Mauny, by his wife Margaret, eldest daughter and heir of Thomas de Brotheton, Earl of Norfolk and Lord of Carlow married John Hastings, Earl of Pembroke, Lord of Wexford and Lord of Abergavenny[96]

1368-71: Walter, Lord Mauny asked for restoration of his profits of his Irish lands so he could pay the constable of Carlow castle[97]

1369: William of Windsor obliged by the Irish council to keep a military force on the Carlow to Kilkenny highway so that ‘loyal people may safely and securely’ travel ‘without hindrance of our enemies and rebels’[98]

1372: died Walter Mauny, second husband of Margaret of Brotherton[99]

1372-5: granted to Carmelites of Leighlin £6 13s 4d to keep the bridge in repair and maintain troops to defend the district = arrears of £18 accrued by 1375-6 of which the government paid £5[100]

1373, August-November: William Westcotes was paid £5 as constable of Carlow castle[101]

1374: order to pay Walter Evere, former constable of Carlow castle, £10 arrears of his fee which was £20 per annum[102]

1374: sheriff of Carlow sent writ to elect two knights to attend parliament[103]

1374: Geoffrey Vale (sheriff of Carlow) allowed £20 from the issues of County Carlow for services rendered to the king’s service and to others[104]

1374: pay John Cornwahill £30 for 1½ years service as constable of Carlow castle = he served as constable in about 1368[105]

1374, February: Robert Broun, constable of Carlow castle for life to hold as former constables Nicholas Cadwely and Thomas Rothynges did[106]

1374, March: Richard Brune dcd held of the K. in chief in co. Carlow 1 messuage and 1 carucate of land in Ardeneth as of the K.’s manor of Castelston[107]

1375: Geoffrey Wale of Johnstown, Co. Carlow was sheriff of the county and got £20 for his services.[108]

1375: died Joan, wife of William de Ufford, Earl of Suffolk, and predeceased by all of her four sons without issue[109]

1375: 1½ burgage plots in Carlow town in ruins fell to the king for unpaid debts after which the king granted them to three individuals[110] 

1375-6: the town and county of Carlow were frequently attacked by forces of Kavanaghs = in 1376 undeclared number of townsfolk of Carlow were killed by Irish enemies[111] = granted to Carmelites of Leighlin £5 because their house and lands were destroyed by the Irish such that they have nothing to live on[112]

1377-1381: Walter Eure constable of Carlow castle = 1382-1387 constable of Carlow[113]

1378: granted to Geoffrey Wale, sheriff of Carlow, 20 marks[114]

1378: writ sent to sheriff of Carlow to send two knights to parliament[115]

1378: McMurrough attacked Carlow town while at another time the O’Byrnes burnt Carlow town[116]

1380: sheriff of Carlow asked to send two knights to parliament[117]

1382: died William de Ufford, Earl of Suffolk, and his wife’s portion of the Brotherton estate passed to her aunt, Thomas of Brotherton’s eldest daughter, Margaret[118]

1382: Commission to Thomas St Leger, baron of Bargy [del Bargy], of custody of all lands in Ballydugg[er]an, co. Carlow, which belonged to Edmund Mortimer, late earl of March and Ulster, and have come into the K.'s hand by reason of the minority of Roger, his son [and heir][119]

1383: died Beatrice, widow of Edward of Brotherton, only son of Thomas of Brotherton[120]

1388: Grant to Geoffrey Vale custody of lands that belonged to Edmund Mortimer, late earl of March, who held of the K. in chief, in Balydongan, co. Carlow, and also the lands that belonged to Thomas St Leger [Seint Legier] dcd, late baron of Bargy, in the K.'s hand by reason of the minority of Richard, his son and heir[121]

1389: Simon de Vale, sheriff of Carlow, to take various properties into the king’s hand[122]

1390: Grant to John Karlell for 60 years, without rent, of the K.'s tower at Hangyngbarre in the town of Carlow; also K.'s old high way and a moiety of a messuage commonly called Waweynesheld adjacent to that tower; on condition that he cause the tower and moiety of the burgage within it to be repaired, inhabited and completed[123]

1393: Walter Eure, constable of Carlow castle, given 20 marks to repair the castle[124]

1394: a Dublin smith was ordered to Carlow to make guns and other armaments there to defend Carlow[125]

1395: king’s exchequer and common bench to moved from Carlow to Dublin[126]

1395: 7th January the Earl of Nottingham and lord of Carlow met MacMurrough in a field between Tullow and Newcastle to negotiate peace = 16th February the Earl Nottingham met Gerald O’Byrne, and Donal O’Nolan at Ballygory near Carlow and received their submission = later MacMurrough submitted to peace = at Carlow and Castledermot over the following two days other lords submitted[127]

1395: king grant licence to Edmund Carew to give 2 messuages and 20 acres of land in New Leighlin, co. Carlow, which were not held of the K. in chief, to the brethren of New Leighlin[128]

1396: while the king was in Ireland he grant Carlow castle to Thomas de Mowbray, Earl of Nottingham and Marshal of England[129]

1398, July 20th: Roger Mortimer, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, was killed in a skirmish with the O’Byrne’s near Carlow[130]

1399: died March 1399 Margaret of Brotherton and lord of Carlow = died September 1399 her grandson, Thomas Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk and briefly in spirit if not in title, lord of Carlow[131]

1399: the Brotherton estate according to the inquisition post mortem was worth £1,476[132]

1401: John de Stanley, Lieutenant of Ireland, testified at Carlow to the letters patent granted by King Henry IV that the Earl of Ormond can hold all his property in Ireland by fee simple or tail or for term of life at pleasure[133]

1401: levy of one crannock on every cultivated carucate in Co. Carlow in the English area of influence[134]

1402: Isabella Botiller granted to John Botiller a messuage and 80 acres at Kilmecathill along with property she has at Rathenys in County Carlow and all the free tenants which belonged to Nicholas Botiller in the county with remainder to Thomas son of John and further remainders to other members of the extended Butler family[135]

1403, June: Geoffrey Vale, knight, and John Cross to inquire concerning purveyors for the Lt's household in Co. Carlow[136]

1405: execution of Thomas Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk and lord of Carlow, and succeeded by his brother, John (V) Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk[137]

1405, June: Grant to Sir Edward Perrers the office of constable of Carlow castle, late of Thomas Mowbray, Earl of Nottingham, to have for as long as it remains the K.'s hand, receiving £20 p.a. from the issues of all lands of the late Earl in Cos. Kildare, Carlow and Wexford, any deficit being made up at the Ex. of Ire., = CPR 1405–8, p. 87 = Edward Perrers appointed Carlow peace commissioner in 1403 and 1420[138]

1406, January: Appointment of Brother Vaale, preceptor of Killergy, and Patrick Vaale as keepers of the peace in co. Carlow = other commissioners appointed in 1346, 1382, 1403 and 1420[139]

1407, December: In 1405 Edward Perrers was appointed constable of the castle of Carlow castle receiving from the King an annual fee of £20 from the rents, issues and profits of all the property of the late Earl of Nottingham in Cos. Carlow, Kildare and Wexford = but those lands only generated £12 p.a., of which Thomas Walleys, receiver of the lordship, got 10marks = Edward repaired the ruinous castle at his own expense = grant to Edward of custody of the lordship for as long as it is in the King’s hand, with an guaranteed £12 arising from those lordships in part-payment of the fee of £20[140]

1408: royal grant of confirmation to James Butler, Earl of Ormond, of various properties in Tipperary, Waterford, Kilkenny, Kildare and the castle, manor and town of Tullow in Ofeilim in County Carlow[141]

1411: parliamentary plans [21 May 1410], to transfer the court of the Exchequer and common pleas to Carlow[142]

1413, November: John (V) Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk, took livery of his estates which include the Mowbray patrimony as well as Beauchamp and Breouse (£1,017), along with the Segrave(£575) and Brotherton (£1,476) inheritances[143]= the Brotherton inheritance consisted of 10 manors in Norfolk, 13 manors in Suffolk, 5 manors in Sussex, 3 manors in Essex, 1 manor in Hertford, the lordship of Chepstow and the liberty of Carlow[144]

1414: appointment of Thomas son of Simon Vale as sheriff of Carlow[145]

1432: died John (V) Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk and lord of Carlow, and succeeded by his son, John (VI) Mowbray[146]

1434: writs issued to the sheriff of Co. Carlow[147]

1435: previous 30 years Carlow was a vital link between Dublin and Kilkenny and Tipperary = now the land of Carlow was laid waste with only two active castles, Carlow and Tullow where in the 1370s there were 148 castles = most of the countryside was in the control of Irish enemies or English rebels[148]

[No date]: commission for overseeing the repairs of Carlow Castle[149]

1440: inquisition into the lands of John Mowbray in Carlow, Wexford and Kildare[150]

1442: order to pay Henry Vale, chaplain, constable of the castle of Carlow, at his own costs, without royal pay = 40s granted to him for custody of a year and more[151]

1448: John (VII) Mowbray married Elizabeth, daughter of John Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury[152]

1448, March: John (VI) Mowbray granted all his Irish property to his cousin, William Berkeley for life at a rent rose per year, son of his aunt Isabel[153]

1457: John son of Thomas Butler quitclaimed the lands of Kylmacathill, Rathenys and Ballymaclathan in Carlow to Edmund son of Richard Butler[154]

1461: died John (VI) Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk and lord of Carlow and succeeded by his son John (VII) Mowbray[155]

1476: died John (VII) Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk and lord of Carlow and succeeded by his daughter Anne Mowbray

1478: Anne Mowbray (aged 5) married Richard (aged 4), Duke of York (cr.1477),and second son of King Edward IV

1470s: the Earl of Kildare gradually extended his influence into Carlow at the expense of the central government[156]

1481: died Anne Mowbray = William Berkeley created Viscount Berkeley

1483, February: the Earl of Kildare, deputy lieutenant of Ireland, had brought Carlow and Kildare under royal control and at he had re-granted all waste ground from Calverstown to Carlow and onto Leighlinbridge[157] = he used an act of parliament to transfer absentee lands to himself for re-granting[158] = the act is said elsewhere to have been passed in 1482[159]

1483: died 9th April King Edward IV = 26th June Richard becomes King Richard III = 28th June William Berkeley created Earl of Nottingham[160]

1483: died Richard, Duke of York and Duke of Norfolk (one of the princes in the Tower), at which the Mowbray inheritance was divided between John Lord Howard (created Duke of Norfolk), son of Robert Howard and Margaret Mowbray, daughter of Thomas Mowbray (d.1399), Earl of Nottingham, Duke of Norfolk and Earl Marshal; and William Lord Berkeley, son of James Berkeley, second husband of Isabel Mowbray, second daughter of Thomas Mowbray (d.1399), Earl of Nottingham[161] = Carlow was divided in half between Howard and Berkeley[162] = Richard’s elder brother was King Edward V who in 1479 was created Earl of Pembroke and became king on 9th April 1483 after the death of his father King Edward IV. William Herbert, one time Earl of Pembroke surrender it in 1479 to become Earl of Huntingdon, was chamberlain to Prince Edward. It is reported that Edward V died on 9th April 1484[163]

1484: William Berkeley, Earl of Nottingham, gave King Richard III virtually all of his estate to settle a debt of £5,000 while the king would pay William 400 marks per year for life from the customs of England[164]

1484: William Berkeley, Earl of Nottingham, held half of the liberty of Carlow[165]

1492: died William Berkeley, Earl of Nottingham and Marquess of Berkeley (cr.1489) and succeeded by his brother, Maurice Berkeley who recovered 50 of the 70 Mowbray manors alienated by William but it wasn’t until the death of King Edward VI that the family recovered Berkeley castle[166]

1495: the small royal garrison in Carlow castle were expelled by James Fitzgerald after his brother the Earl of Kildare was arrested = Sir James Ormond retook it for the crown and the castle was given to the care of O Conchobhair[167]

1505: Thomas Butler, Earl of Ormond, grants the manors of Tillagh in Ofelmyth and Arklow along with all other lands, tenements, rents, services and reversions in County Carlow[168] = depositions in 1533 of various people that such grant was lawful

1506: died Maurice Lord Berkeley and holder of half of Carlow

1509: Thomas Butler, Earl of Ormond, gave custody of his lands in Tipperary, Kilkenny, Limerick, Waterford and Carlow to Sir Piers Butler reserving the appointment of sheriffs, seneschals, recorders, constables and other officers and excepting the prise wines[169]

1518: Gerald Fitzgerald, 9th Earl of Kildare, held the castle and town of Carlow with other lands by act of parliament[170]

1527: Piers Butler, Earl of Ormond, quitclaims to Sir John Tobin ad Sir Nicholas Moling, chaplains, all his lands in the counties of Kilkenny, Tipperary and the lands, rents and services of Le Fasagh of Bentre in Carlow[171]

1528, March: grant by Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk, of the manor and lordship of Old Ross in County Carlow along with all manors and rights in Fasagh of Bentre in Odrone, all rights from the bridge of Leighlin to New Ross and onto the sea and from New Ross to Enniscorthy with the manors of Ferns, Tymoling, Great Island and Little Island, all services and rights of New Ross with the mill and ferry for five years at £20 rent per year and excluding the castle and lordship of Carlow[172]

1529: Katerine Benet of Rossponte, by way of two chaplains, grants property in Rossponte, and in Counties Carlow, Wexford and Kilkenny to the use of Sir Piers Butler, Earl of Ossory and his wife, Dame Margaret Fitzgerald[173]

1531: act of parliament to return absentee lands that were in waste from the Earl of Kildare to their early owners = the Duke of Norfolk claimed the return of his Carlow lands = Norfolk leased his lands to the Earl of Ossory[174]

1533: the Earl of Kildare was accused by his own brother, Sir James Fitzgerald, of ruining the castles of Kildare and Carlow[175]

1536: act of absentees that Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk and Lord Berkeley claim as ancestral inheritance the seigniory and lordship of Carlow, Old Ross and various other manors. George Talbot, Earl of Waterford and Shropshire, claims the seigniory of Wexford … by their negligence and disorder thereof, and especially within the counties of Carlow and Wexford … the king shall have, hold and enjoy all honours, manors, castles, seigniories, hundreds, franchises, liberties, county palatines etc[176]

1536: inquisition of the lordship of Carlow held by Norfolk and Berkeley made in November/December say they hold the manor, castle and villa of Carlow as well as various properties around Carlow town and the mid Carlow region as well as chief rents with Ballysax manor in Kildare. In County Wexford it is said that Norfolk and Berkeley have the manors of Fassabentre, Innescorty (Enniscorthy) and Dypse with the castle and manor of Ferns and the villa of Old Ross.[177]

1540: Margaret, Countess Dowager of Ormond, was grant the manors of Tollo (Tullow) and Bynecorre in County Carlow as part of her dower lands which included other property in Counties Tipperary and Kilkenny.[178]

1541: the Norfolk manors of Carlow, Ballysax, Dippes, Ferns castle, Ross town, Pouersmill mill, and the passage of the water of Ross in the lordship of Old Ross and Enniscorthy is worth £90 in total[179]

1542: Maurus Kavanagh Cloghecristike granted to Edmund Purcell of Clonmoylskin and Leonard Blanchville of Madokestown various properties in County Carlow for the use of James Butler, Earl of Ormond[180]

1544: Maurice MacArt O’Nolan granted to James Sweetman of Castelleff and Leonard Blanchville of Downmore various properties in County Carlow for the use of James Butler, Earl of Ormond, and his heirs = in the same year Teig O’Bryn gave various lands in County Carlow to James and Leonard for the use of the Earl of Ormond[181]

1545: James Butler, Earl of Ormond, named the manor or lordship of Tullow, Co. Carlow, along with twenty-two other properties in the county in his will[182]

1546: Terence O’Bryn and Eugene O’Bryn gave James Sweetman and Leonard Blanchvlle various properties in County Carlow to hold for the use of James Butler, Earl of Ormond, and his heirs forever[183]

1562: Charles O’Nolan, Gerald O’Nolan and John MacDonoghe granted to Edmund Butler of Tullowphelim the lands of Ballynonry in County Carlow forever[184]

1563: the Queen lifting all restrictions she held on the estate of Edmund Butler of Cloghgrenan in County Carlow[185]

1566: Francis Randolph constable of Carlow castle[186]

1567: Robert Harpoole to have 21 year lease on the castle and manor of Carlow[187]

1568: Henry Davells was sheriff of Carlow[188]

1568: Dowyllyn Kavanagh quitclaimed any rights he had to the estate of Cloghgrenan in Carlow to Edmund Butler of Cloghgrenan[189]

1568: Queen Elizabeth granted to Edmund Butler of Cloghgrenan in Carlow all the property of the late dissolved monastery of Great Connell including Ballysax in Kildare, formerly part of the lordship of Carlow and other lands in Kildare, Laois and Carlow[190]

1569: Sir Peter Carew in Carlow trying to capture castles and receive cessed soldiers from Brain mac Cahir while support from the seneschal and sheriff of County Waterford is unforthcoming[191] = should this be seneschal of Wexford

1569: Butler rebellion in Carlow and military movements[192]

1570: Edmund Butler of Cloghgrenan granted his County Carlow estate to various trustees in September 1570 and in October 1570 surrendered his estates to the Queen[193]

1571: Earl of Ormond estate in County Carlow comprised the lands of Rathvilly, Clonmore, Tullaghphelim, Kellistown, Powerstown, Leighlin and Ballyknockan[194]

1572: John Roe as sheriff of Carlow[195]

 


Leighlin cathedral at Old Leighlin


Carlow/Wexford

1313: Aymer de Valence, Earl of Pembroke (lord of Wexford), Thomas, Earl of Norfolk (the king’s brother and lord of Carlow), and Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Gloucester and Hertford (lord of Kilkenny) were granted pontage for twenty years to build and repair a bridge over the River Barrow between the towns of Ross and Rosbargon[196]

1317: Aymer de Valence as Earl of Pembroke was one of the witnesses along with Thomas de Brotherton, Earl of Norfolk and Marshal of England, to the grant of confirmation by King Edward II of the creation of Thomas Fitzgerald as Earl of Kildare in 1316 and the subsequent grant to him of the liberty of Kildare and the sheriffdom which was reserved to the crown in the 1316 creation[197]

1334: William Caunteton of Kilworth, Co. Cork died seized of land in County Cork of the king in fee, properties in County Carlow of Nicholas Carew, and properties at Glascarrig in Wexford of Aymer de Valence[198]  

1341-3: John Moriz sent writs to various magnates in Carlow, Wexford and other counties[199]

1351: William de Bromeleye and John de Pembroke collected debts to the king in the Counties of Carlow, Wexford, Kilkenny, Tipperary, Limerick, Waterford and Cork[200]

1355-6: John de Troye and William de Burton collected debts to the king inside and outside the liberties of Carlow and Wexford and in other counties[201]

1368, July: John Hastings, Earl of Pembroke, Lord of Wexford and Lord of Abergavenny, marries as his second wife Anne, daughter and heir of Walter de Mauny, Lord Mauny, by his wife Margaret, eldest daughter and heir of Thomas de Brotheton, Earl of Norfolk and Lord of Carlow[202]

1375: grant of pavage and murage to the town of New Ross in Wexford[203]

1375-6: John St. John of Tilladoman in the barony of Bargy, in Wexford, died leaving his son a minor. John held his lands from Sir Walter Mauny, deceased, second husband of Margaret, Duchess of Norfolk, and eldest daughter of Thomas de Brotherton, lord of Carlow[204]

1389: confirmation and enlargement of the New Ross charter of the thirteenth century[205]

1392: grant of murage and pavage to the town of New Ross in Wexford[206]

1395: grant of custom rights to the town of New Ross[207]

1400: confirmation of town charter of 1389 to New Ross[208]

1400: Thomas Harbrek, constable of Carlow castle to take into king’s hand all the property in Counties Carlow, Kildare and Wexford of late Margaret, Duchess of Norfolk and of Thomas de Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk[209]

1403, May: Licence to Patrick Barret, bishop Ferns, to treat with all persons, both English and Irish, enemies and rebels, in the marches of cos. Wexford, Kilkenny and Carlow to restore order[210]

1405, August: Commission to John Allerton of custody of lands [etc.] and advowsons of churches that belonged to Thomas Mowbray, Earl of Nottingham, in Cos. Kildare, Carlow and Wexford for as long as they are in the K.'s hand[211]

1408: confirmation of town charter of 1400 to New Ross[212]

1412: Brother Thomas Butler, deputy of Thomas of Lancaster, Lt of Ire., appointed to resist malice rebels in parts of Cos. Dublin, Meath, Louth, Kildare and Carlow, while Patrick, bishop Ferns, is occupied in Co. Wexford[213]

1414: confirmation of town charter of 1408 to New Ross and expansion of rights[214]

1420: appointment of John Lumbard, Mr. Stafford, Robert Folyng', William […] and Mr. Baldewyne to inquire in Cos. Carlow, Wexford, Waterford, Kilkenny, Tipperary, Cork and Kerry concerning treasons, felonies, and acquired possessions against Mortmain; and also concerning labourers and false weights; and to hold, hear and determine all pleas[215]

1440: 1nquisitions of John Mowbray, late duke of Norfolk, who held in Ireland: the manor of Olde Rosse with the town of New Ross, and the castle and Hervey island, of the King by knight service, worth £10 p.a. = the manor of Fethard, in chief by knight service, worth 12d p.a. = the manor of Ballysaxe, co. Kildare, held in chief by knight service, worth 20s p.a. = the castle of Carlow with the corporation of the county and borough there = Mowbray had issue John, his son and heir, then 17 years old. The K. has respited the homage of John, the son, for 6s 8d and thus give him full seisin[216]

1466 (circa): James son of Edmund Fitzrichard le Butler given custody and governance of all the lands of John Butler, Earl of Ormond, in Carlow, Wexford, Kilkenny, Tipperary, Waterford and elsewhere[217]

1482: William, Viscount Berkeley and lord of Carlow, was bound to John, late Earl of Shrewsbury, of sums amounting to £34,000 which the king exemplified by act of parliament[218]

 

Liberty of Wexford

1306: the exchequer court of the liberty of Wexford was mentioned as having power of distain over a virgate of land and buildings in New Ross that was granted by John le Parker and Margery his father to Edmund le Botiller[219]

1308: the usual set up was six oxen to two horses in the plough-team in Wexford[220]

1310: some fees of the Bigod lordship in Wexford passed to the Valence lordship such as Kilcavan in the barony of Bargy[221] = but the evidence for other places is unclear = it is said that the Bigod overlordship of Glascarrig passed to the Valence fee and Amyer de Valence was landlord of 27 carucates there in 1321 but Glascarrig is not in the Valence feodary of 1324[222]

1317: Aymer de Valence as Earl of Pembroke was one of the witnesses to the grant of confirmation by King Edward II of the creation of Thomas Fitzgerald as Earl of Kildare in 1316 and the subsequent grant to him of the liberty of Kildare and the sheriffdom which was reserved to the crown in the 1316 creation = Thomas de Brotherton, Earl of Norfolk, Lord of Carlow and Marshal of England was another witness to the confirmation grant[223]

 1356-8: The O’Byrne’s attacked the settlers in County Wexford with mounted soldiers and foot soldiers[224]

1368, July: John Hastings, Earl of Pembroke, Lord of Wexford and Lord of Abergavenny, marries as his second wife Anne, daughter and heir of Walter de Mauny, Lord Mauny, by his wife Margaret, eldest daughter and heir of Thomas de Brotheton, Earl of Norfolk and Lord of Carlow[225]

1375/6, January: wardship of the estates of the late Earl of Pembroke granted to his widow, Anne de Mauny and her mother, the Countess of Norfolk[226]

1385, June: the Countess of Norfolk granted custody of her grandson, John Hastings, for five years

1386/7, February: Countess of Norfolk made indenture with William de Beauchamp, keeper of the estates in Pembroke and elsewhere in Wales (made keeper in March 1377/8), to grant the whole estate to John Hastings[227]

1395, 28th April: grant by King Richard II of a large part of north Wexford to Sir John de Beaumont including the seven manors of Farringmall, O’Felmigh, Shermall, Lymalagoughe, Shelela, Gory and Dipps[228]

1455: the seneschal the Wexford liberty and the sovereign of Wexford town wrote to the great magnates (the Earl of Ormond and the 2nd Earl of Shrewsbury, claimant to the liberty against Lord Grey de Ruthyn) and to parliament complaining that Edmund Butler and Thomas of Desmond had joined with the Kavanaghs to plunder and burn across County Wexford for four days and nights[229]

1518: Gerald Fitzgerald, 9th Earl of Kildare, held the manor of Dyppys and the manor of Enniscorthy with other property include part of the manor of Old Ross[230]

1535: the treasurer of war in Ireland recommends to Thomas Cromwell that the king should seize the county of Wexford and castle of Carlow and other lands from spiritual men in England and banish the Irish inhabitants[231]

1536: act of absentees that Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk and Lord Berkeley claim as ancestral inheritance the seigniory and lordship of Carlow, Old Ross and various other manors. George Talbot, Earl of Waterford and Shropshire, claims the seigniory of Wexford … by their negligence and disorder thereof, and especially within the counties of Carlow and Wexford … the king shall have, hold and enjoy all honours, manors, castles, seigniories, hundreds, franchises, liberties, county palatines etc[232]

1536: inquisition of the lordship of Carlow held by Norfolk and Berkeley say in County Wexford that they have the manors of Fassabentre, Innescorty (Enniscorthy) and Dypse with the castle and manor of Ferns and the villa of Old Ross.[233]= some of these properties were granted by King Richard II to Sir John Beaumont in 1395[234]= the inquisition to the lands of the Earl of Shrewsbury says he holds the manor of Rosslare, Ballymore, Balmaskellers, Barge, and Kyldowan along with the town of Wexford with various chief rents[235] = most of these lands lie in south Wexford = it appears that the Earl of Shrewsbury recovered some of his estate as in the time of Charles 1, the family of FitzNichol held Ballycowan in Forth as of the Earl of Shrewsbury’s castle of Wexford[236]

1538: William St. Lowe to Thomas Cromwell says he only has the seneschalship of Wexford (worth 25 marks) to live on as the property he was granted borders the Kavanaghs and he can’t get the 25 marks per year[237]

1566: Wexford to be restored to its previous civil state with the suppression of the rebellion by the O’Tooles, O’Byrnes and Kavanaghs[238]

1568: the Lord Deputy should restore to the Earl of Kildare the former estates of his family but exclude the manor of Old Ross and other lands in the county of Wexford that did not belong to the Earl and came to the crown by other title[239]

1568: the O’Byrnes and Kavanaghs of Wexford are quiet[240]

1568: New Ross imports 100 tuns of wine while Wexford imports 60 tuns at a duty of 40s a ton most other ports import 200 tuns and above with Galway the top port with 1,000 tuns[241]

1569: Thomas Stukeley, late of Enniscorthy was seneschal of Wexford[242] = Nicholas White replaced Stukeley as constable of Wexford castle[243] Sir Nicholas Heron was made constable of Ferns but went off to England and left it to a local person = Cecil would like Nicholas White to be seneschal of Wexford = White was to get the ward of Leighlin house but Sidney gave it to somebody else on Carew’s recommendation[244]

1569: Francis Agard patrolling north Wexford between Arklow, Ferns and the Barrow[245]

1570: Nicholas White is responsible for the government of Wexford and justice for travellers in 35 mile zone. He punished the Kavanaghs by spilling blood but his position is under treat.[246]

1570: Wexford paid £300 on wine customs and fines relating to leases and pardons while Ross paid £8 8s 8d[247]

1601: Thomas, Earl of Ormond, ultimate owner of the manor of Great Island in Wexford agrees to transfer the manor from Robert Rothe and Henry Shee to Edward Gough, Richard Comerford and Patrick St. Leger[248] = 1602 the Great Island was part of the entailed lands of the late Earl of Ormond[249] = The Great Island was formerly part of the Liberty of Carlow

 

Carlow/Wexford

1458: act of parliament 36 Henry VI 5 chief sergeants in shires, liberties and franchises liable for returns[250]

1519: Earl of Ormond, Peter Butler, George Sherlock and others along with sovereigns of Kilkenny and Ross to investigate all treasons, felons, falsehoods etc., in the counties of Kilkenny, Waterford, Limerick, Cork, Kerry, Wexford, Tipperary and Carlow both within and without liberties[251]

1522: judicial commission sent to the counties of Carlow, Wexford, Kilkenny, Tipperary, Limerick and Cork and the cross-lands of same[252]

1523: judicial commission sent to the counties of Carlow, Wexford, Kilkenny, Tipperary, Limerick and Cork and the cross-lands of same[253]

1533: act of parliament 25 Henry VIII include abbey lands in Carlow and Wexford to be given to the king[254]

1539: Lord Deputy Grey heard legal cases in Carlow, Kilkenny, New Ross, Waterford, Wexford and Clonmel[255]

1545: John Hackett, alias Ridelsford, of Naas gave to James Sweetman and Leonard Blanchville various lands in Counties Kildare and Carlow for the use of James Butler, Earl of Ormond, which deed was witnessed by Walter Cowley (King’s solicitor) and James White (justice of the liberty of Wexford)[256]

1566: a sheriff is needed in the civil parts of Dublin, Kilkenny, Carlow and Wexford to hear cases under common law and oyer and terminer[257]

1566: the list of impositions upon counties return £1,700 for Wexford and £1,200 for Carlow while the spoils for Wexford and Carlow amount to £1,300[258]

1566: in Kavanagh country, Murrough’s country, Mac Edmund Duff’s country Mac Davy Mor’s country and MacVadoug’s country lying partly in Counties Wexford and Carlow, Nicholas Heron, captain of Leighlin and Ferns, is appointed seneschal of Wexford = seneschals appointed to different parts of Dublin and Wicklow, where like Wexford, these areas to be govern by common law with Brehon law excluded[259]

1567: Counties Carlow and Wexford have, besides their sheriffs, Thomas Stukeley who is seneschal of Wexford and captain of Leighlinbridge[260] = Francis Cosby was seneschal of Laois = Henry Colley was seneschal of Offaly and both counties had sheriffs[261]

1568: the Earl of Kildare seeks restoration of his father’s estates = make surveys in Meath, Westmeath, Dublin, Kildare, Queen’s, King’s and Carlow to be restored = but the Earls claims in certain parts of Meath, Kildare and Wexford to be dismissed as the queen has better claims to title[262]

1568: Thomas Stukeley was constable of Wexford, Ferns and Leighlin until ordered remove by Sidney on the queen’s instructions = Sir Nicholas Heron offered these positions but died so offered to Nicholas White = if council of Munster established then lessen the charges on Leighlin[263]

1569: Nicholas White to have lease of Dunbrody abbey and the parsonage of Baltinglass along with properties in other counties[264]

1569: proposed bills in parliament to include the resumption of all franchises, liberties and jurisdictions to assemble, guide and govern, except the liberties of Tipperary and Kerry[265]

1569: Nicholas White has do a good job as constable of Leighlin and he proposes to declare martial law in Wexford to remove some rebels there[266]

1569: Earl of Ormond told to keep the junior Butler families in Carlow and Wexford under control[267]

1571: the Irish counties adjoining the Pale were lately made shire ground by act of parliament and are now in good obedience[268]

1572: the government had successfully extended its muster roll to include the Counties of King’s, Queen’s, Kilkenny, Carlow and Wexford[269]

1573: the government placed a cess of the Pale counties and on Carlow and Wexford to pay for the rebellion of the O’Connors[270]

1570s: Wexford contributed its requirements to cess but at only half what Louth could pay, yet it could provide victuals. Carlow and Tipperary provided less than Kilkenny and were poor on victuals because they had less cultivated land[271]

1579: the Gerrard report recommended that the chief justice of the common pleas should hear cases in Cos. Queen’s, Carlow, Kilkenny, Wexford, Waterford and Tipperary[272]

1586: Wexford and Carlow were included in the area subject to composition in lieu of cess which included the other counties of King’s, Queen’s, Tipperary, Kilkenny and the Pale[273]

1594: the Earl of Ormond allowed to execute martial law within the Pale which area was defined as including Dublin, Kildare, Queen’s, Carlow, Kilkenny, and Wexford[274]

1596: the Earl of Ormond made military commander in Counties Dublin, Kildare, Carlow, Kilkenny, King’s and Queen’s and Wexford[275]

1617: the Earl of Arundel seeks recovery of ancestral estates in Ireland[276]

1633, May: King Charles instructs Lord Deputy Stafford to find an Irish estate for the Earl of Arundel[277]

1635: the Earl of Arundel desires to recover Carlow, Old Ross and Wexford as ancestral property[278]

 

Later Liberties

1617: the palatine liberty of Tipperary was abolished because Earl Ormond lost his court case against the friend of King James, Richard Preston[279]

1621: the palatine liberty of Tipperary was resumed by the crown[280]

1662: the palatine liberty of Tipperary was restored to James Butler, 12th Earl of Ormond and 1st Duke of Ormond and extended to cover the baronies of Arra and Owney and the cross lands of Tipperary[281]

1716: the palatine liberty of Tipperary was abolished by act of parliament because of the attainder of the 2nd Duke rather than any ideas of reforming local government[282]

1757: the archbishop of Dublin was unsuccessful at introducing a bill in parliament to abolish the liberty of St. Patrick located within the liberty of St. Sepulchre[283]

1856: the liberty of St. Sepulchre was abolished by act of parliament and its legal functions passed to such courts of law as would have enjoyed such authority if the liberty had not existed[284]

 

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[1] Orpen, GH., Ireland under the Normans, 1169-1333 (Dublin, 2005), Vol. III, pp. 79, 80

[2] Orpen, Ireland under the Normans, 1169-1333, Vol. III, pp. 81-85

[3] Orpen, Ireland under the Normans, 1169-1333, Vol. III, pp. 85-89

[4] Lydon, J., ‘The expansion and consolidation of the colony, 1215-54’, in Art Cosgrove (ed.), A new history of Ireland, volume II, Medieval Ireland, 1169-1534 (Oxford, 2008), pp. 156-178, at p. 173

[5] Curtis, E. (ed.), Calendar of Ormond Deeds, 1172-1350 A.D. (Dublin, 1932), no. 113

[6] Curtis (ed.), Calendar of Ormond Deeds, 1172-1350 A.D., no. 128

[7] Thirty-fifth Report of the Deputy Keeper of the Public Records in Ireland (Dublin, 1903), p. 43

[9] Thirty-sixth Report of the Deputy Keeper of the Public Records in Ireland (Dublin, 1904), p. 26

[10] Thirty-sixth Report of the Deputy Keeper of the Public Records in Ireland, p. 30

[11] Thirty-sixth Report of the Deputy Keeper of the Public Records in Ireland, p. 40

[12] Down, K., ‘Colonial society and economy’, in Art Cosgrove (ed.), A new history of Ireland, volume II, Medieval Ireland, 1169-1534 (Oxford, 2008), pp. 439-491, at p. 439

[13] Thirty-sixth Report of the Deputy Keeper of the Public Records in Ireland, p. 46

[14] Thirty-sixth Report of the Deputy Keeper of the Public Records in Ireland, p. 52

[15] Curtis (ed.), Calendar of Ormond Deeds, 1172-1350 A.D., no. 257

[16] Thirty-sixth Report of the Deputy Keeper of the Public Records in Ireland, pp. 72, 73

[17] Curtis (ed.), Calendar of Ormond Deeds, 1172-1350 A.D., no. 280

[18] Brooks, Eric St. John, Knights’ fees in Counties Wexford, Carlow and Kilkenny, 13th-15th Century (Dublin, 1950), p. 14

[19] Lydon, J., ‘A land of war’, in Art Cosgrove (ed.), A new history of Ireland, volume II, Medieval Ireland, 1169-1534 (Oxford, 2008), pp. 240-274, at p. 266

[21] Dryburgh, P. & Smith, B. (eds.), Handbook and Select Calendar of Sources for Medieval Ireland in the National Archives of the United Kingdom (Dublin, 2005), pp. 75, 88

[22] Dryburgh & Smith (eds.), Handbook for Medieval Ireland in the National Archives of the U.K., pp. 74, 88, 102

[23] Otway-Ruthven, O.J., A history of Medieval Ireland (London, 1980), p. 219

[24] Mac Niocaill, G. (ed.), The Red Book of the Earls of Kildare (Dublin, 1964), No. 35

[25]Curtis, E. (ed.), Calendar of Ormond Deeds, volume II, 1350-1413 A.D. (Dublin, 1934), p. 330

[26] Thirty-eight Report of the Deputy Keeper of the Public Records in Ireland (Dublin, 1906), p. 59

[27] Thirty-eight Report of the Deputy Keeper of the Public Records in Ireland, p. 96

[28] Otway-Ruthven, A history of Medieval Ireland, pp. 174

[29] Lydon, J., ‘A land of war’, in Art Cosgrove (ed.), A new history of Ireland, volume II, Medieval Ireland, 1169-1534 (Oxford, 2008), pp. 240-274, at p. 273

[30] Connolly, P., ‘List of Irish entries on the Memoranda Rolls of the English Exchequer, 1307-27’, in Analecta Hibernica, No. 36 (1995), pp. 163-218, at p. 170

[32] Brooks, Knights’ fees in Counties Wexford, Carlow and Kilkenny, 13th-15th Century, pp. 1, 2

[33] Colfer, B. ‘Anglo-Norman Settlement in Co. Wexford’, in Kevin Whelan & William Nolan (eds.), Wexford: History and Society, Interdisciplinary Essays on the History of an Irish County (Dublin, 1987), pp. 65-101, at p. 72

[34] Brooks, Knights’ fees in Counties Wexford, Carlow and Kilkenny, 13th-15th Century, p. 11

[35] Lydon, ‘A land of war’, pp. 240-274, at p. 265

[36] Brewer, J.S., & Bullen, W. (eds.), Calendar of the Carew Manuscripts persevered in the archiepiscopal library at Lambeth (London, 1871, reprint Liechtenstein, 1974), Vol. 5, p. 232

[37] Brooks, Knights’ fees in Counties Wexford, Carlow and Kilkenny, 13th-15th Century, pp. 3, 4

[38] Thirty-ninth Report of the Deputy Keeper of the Public Records in Ireland (Dublin, 1907), pp. 54, 55

[39] Thirty-ninth Report of the Deputy Keeper of the Public Records in Ireland, p. 55

[40] Thirty-ninth Report of the Deputy Keeper of the Public Records in Ireland, p. 31

[41] Connolly, P. (ed.), Irish Exchequer Payments, 1270-1446 (Dublin, 1998), p. 596

[42] Connolly (ed.), Irish Exchequer Payments, 1270-1446, p. 596

[43] Thirty-ninth Report of the Deputy Keeper of the Public Records in Ireland, p. 30

[44] Thirty-ninth Report of the Deputy Keeper of the Public Records in Ireland, pp. 44, 45

[45] Otway-Ruthven, A history of Medieval Ireland, p. 220

[46] Wells-Furby, B. (ed.), A catalogue of the medieval muniments at Berkeley Castle (2 vols. Bristol & Gloucestershire Archaeological Society, 2004), Vol. 2, p. 829

[47] Curtis (ed.), Calendar of Ormond Deeds, 1172-1350 A.D., no. 456

[48] Weinbaum, M. (ed.), British Borough Charters 1307-1660 (Cambridge, 1943), p. 217

[49] Otway-Ruthven, A history of Medieval Ireland, p. 175

[50] Curtis (ed.), Calendar of Ormond Deeds, 1172-1350 A.D., no. 465

[51] Forty-fourth Report of the Deputy Keeper of the Public Records in Ireland (Dublin, 1912), p. 42

[52] Thirty-ninth Report of the Deputy Keeper of the Public Records in Ireland, p. 59

[53] Thirty-ninth Report of the Deputy Keeper of the Public Records in Ireland, p. 73

[54] Connolly, P., ‘Irish material in the class of Ancient Petitions (SC8) in the Public Record Office, London’, in Analecta Hibernica, No. 34 (1987), pp. 1-106, at p. 32

[55] Forty-fourth Report of the Deputy Keeper of the Public Records in Ireland, p. 56

[56] Forty-second Report of the Deputy Keeper of the Public Records in Ireland (Dublin, 1911), p. 21

[57] Curtis (ed.), Calendar of Ormond Deeds, 1172-1350 A.D., no. 522

[58] Curtis (ed.), Calendar of Ormond Deeds, 1172-1350 A.D., no. 524

[59]Curtis (ed.), Calendar of Ormond Deeds, 1172-1350 A.D., no. 529

[60] Connolly, ‘Irish material in the class of Ancient Petitions’, pp. 1-106, at p. 45

[61] Connolly, ‘Irish material in the class of Ancient Petitions’, pp. 1-106, at p. 85

[62] Curtis (ed.), Calendar of Ormond Deeds, 1172-1350 A.D., no. 556

[63] Calendar of Patent Rolls, Edward II, 1321-1324, p. 193

[64] Forty-second Report of the Deputy Keeper of the Public Records in Ireland, pp. 56, 59, 60

[65] Otway-Ruthven, A history of Medieval Ireland, p. 247

[66]Calendar of Patent Rolls, Edward III, 1330-34, p. 402

[67] Connolly, P. (ed.), Irish Exchequer Payments, 1270-1446 (Dublin, 1998), p. 365

[68] Wells-Furby (ed.), A catalogue of the medieval muniments at Berkeley Castle, Vol. 2, p. 829

[69] Otway-Ruthven, A history of Medieval Ireland, p. 175

[70] Connolly (ed.), Irish Exchequer Payments, 1270-1446, p. 405

[71] Calendar of Patent Rolls, Edward III, 1343-1345, p. 225

[72] Connolly (ed.), Irish Exchequer Payments, 1270-1446, p. 425

[73] Connolly (ed.), Irish Exchequer Payments, 1270-1446, p. 425

[74] Connolly (ed.), Irish Exchequer Payments, 1270-1446, p. 427

[75] Curtis (ed.), Calendar of Ormond Deeds, 1172-1350 A.D., no. 816

[76] Curtis (ed.), Calendar of Ormond Deeds, 1172-1350 A.D., no. 846

[77] Connolly (ed.), Irish Exchequer Payments, 1270-1446, p. 435

[78] Brooks, Knights’ fees in Counties Wexford, Carlow and Kilkenny, 13th-15th Century, p. 76

[80] Connolly (ed.), Irish Exchequer Payments, 1270-1446, pp. 469, 473

[81] Otway-Ruthven, A history of Medieval Ireland, p. 280

[82] Weinbaum (ed.), British Borough Charters 1307-1660, p. 224

[84] Otway-Ruthven, A history of Medieval Ireland, p. 283

[85] Connolly (ed.), Irish Exchequer Payments, 1270-1446, p. 493

[86] National Archives of Ireland, 999/217/ii

[87] Connolly (ed.), Irish Exchequer Payments, 1270-1446, p. 499

[88] Connolly (ed.), Irish Exchequer Payments, 1270-1446, p. 507

[89] Lydon, J., The Lordship of Ireland in the Middle Ages (Dublin, 2003), p. 154

[90] Wells-Furby (ed.), A catalogue of the medieval muniments at Berkeley Castle, Vol. 2, p. 829

[91] Otway-Ruthven, A history of Medieval Ireland, p. 291

[92] Lydon, The Lordship of Ireland in the Middle Ages, p. 150

[93]Curtis (ed.), Calendar of Ormond Deeds, volume II, 1350-1413 A.D., p. 91

[94]Curtis (ed.), Calendar of Ormond Deeds, volume II, 1350-1413 A.D., p. 92

[95] Connolly (ed.), Irish Exchequer Payments, 1270-1446, p. 519

[96]The Complete Peerage (Gloucester, 1987), vol. X, p. 393

[97] Connolly, ‘Irish material in the class of Ancient Petitions’, pp. 1-106, at p. 20

[98] Lydon, The Lordship of Ireland in the Middle Ages, p. 158

[99] Wells-Furby (ed.), A catalogue of the medieval muniments at Berkeley Castle, Vol. 2, p. 829

[100] Connolly (ed.), Irish Exchequer Payments, 1270-1446, pp. 532, 538

[101] Connolly (ed.), Irish Exchequer Payments, 1270-1446, p. 530

[108] National Archives of Ireland, 999/217/iii

[109] Wells-Furby (ed.), A catalogue of the medieval muniments at Berkeley Castle, Vol. 2, p. 829

[111] Connolly (ed.), Irish Exchequer Payments, 1270-1446, pp. 535, 536; https://chancery.tcd.ie/document/close/51-edward-iii/8 (accessed on 29th August 2021)

[112] Connolly (ed.), Irish Exchequer Payments, 1270-1446, p. 535

[114] National Archives of Ireland, 999/217/iv

[118] Wells-Furby (ed.), A catalogue of the medieval muniments at Berkeley Castle, Vol. 2, p. 829

[120] Wells-Furby (ed.), A catalogue of the medieval muniments at Berkeley Castle, Vol. 2, p. 829

[122] National Archives of Ireland, 999/217/v

[127] Otway-Ruthven, O.J., A history of Medieval Ireland, pp. 329, 331; Brewer & Bullen (eds.), Calendar of the Carew Manuscripts, Vol. 5, pp. 378, 379

[130] Lydon, The Lordship of Ireland in the Middle Ages, p. 175

[131] Wells-Furby (ed.), A catalogue of the medieval muniments at Berkeley Castle, Vol. 2, p. 829

[132] Wells-Furby (ed.), A catalogue of the medieval muniments at Berkeley Castle, Vol. 2, p. 676

[133]Curtis (ed.), Calendar of Ormond Deeds, volume II, 1350-1413 A.D., p. 253

[135]Curtis (ed.), Calendar of Ormond Deeds, volume II, 1350-1413 A.D., p. 264

[137] Wells-Furby (ed.), A catalogue of the medieval muniments at Berkeley Castle, Vol. 2, p. 829

[138] https://chancery.tcd.ie/document/patent/6-henry-iv/68 (accessed 29th August 2021); Frame, Robin 'Commissions of the peace in Ireland, 1302-1461', Analecta Hibernica, No. 35 (1992), pp. 1-43, at p. 8

[139] https://chancery.tcd.ie/document/patent/7-henry-iv/144 (accessed 29th August 2021); Frame, 'Commissions of the peace in Ireland, 1302-1461', pp. 1-43, at p. 8

[141] Curtis, E., (ed.), Calendar of Ormond Deeds, Volume IV, 1509-1547 A.D. (Dublin, 1937), p. 177

[143] Wells-Furby (ed.), A catalogue of the medieval muniments at Berkeley Castle, Vol. 2, p. 675

[144] Wells-Furby (ed.), A catalogue of the medieval muniments at Berkeley Castle, Vol. 2, p. 676, note 1

[146] Wells-Furby (ed.), A catalogue of the medieval muniments at Berkeley Castle, Vol. 2, p. 829

[148] Otway-Ruthven, A history of Medieval Ireland, pp. 368, 369; https://chancery.tcd.ie/document/close/14-henry-vi/7 (accessed on 29th August 2021)

[152] Wells-Furby (ed.), A catalogue of the medieval muniments at Berkeley Castle, Vol. 2, p. 677

[153] Wells-Furby (ed.), A catalogue of the medieval muniments at Berkeley Castle, Vol. 2, p. 676

[154] Curtis, E. (ed.), Calendar of Ormond Deeds, volume III, 1413-1509 A.D. (Dublin, 1935), p. 179

[155] Wells-Furby (ed.), A catalogue of the medieval muniments at Berkeley Castle, Vol. 2, p. 829

[156] Quinn, D.B., ‘Aristocratic autonomy, 1460-94’, in Art Cosgrove (ed.), A new history of Ireland, volume II, Medieval Ireland, 1169-1534 (Oxford, 2008), pp. 591-618, at p. 593

[157] Otway-Ruthven, A history of Medieval Ireland, p. 400

[158] Quinn, ‘Aristocratic autonomy, 1460-94’, pp. 591-618, at p. 608

[159] Quinn, D.B., ‘The re-emergence of English policy as a major factor in Irish affairs, 1520-34’, in Art Cosgrove (ed.), A new history of Ireland, volume II, Medieval Ireland, 1169-1534 (Oxford, 2008), pp. 662-687, at p. 680

[160] Wells-Furby (ed.), A catalogue of the medieval muniments at Berkeley Castle, Vol. 2, p. 678

[161] Wells-Furby (ed.), A catalogue of the medieval muniments at Berkeley Castle, Vol. 1, p. lvii

[162] Wells-Furby (ed.), A catalogue of the medieval muniments at Berkeley Castle, Vol. 2, p. 829

[163]The Complete Peerage, vol. X, p. 402, note h

[164] Wells-Furby (ed.), A catalogue of the medieval muniments at Berkeley Castle, Vol. 2, p. 685, D1/1/28

[165] Wells-Furby (ed.), A catalogue of the medieval muniments at Berkeley Castle, Vol. 2, p. 679

[166] Wells-Furby (ed.), A catalogue of the medieval muniments at Berkeley Castle, Vol. 1, p. xlix

[167] Quinn, D.B., ‘The hegemony of the Earls of Kildare, 1494-1520’, in Art Cosgrove (ed.), A new history of Ireland, volume II, Medieval Ireland, 1169-1534 (Oxford, 2008), pp. 638-661, at pp. 641-2

[168] Curtis (ed.), Calendar of Ormond Deeds, volume III, 1413-1509 A.D., p. 316; Curtis (ed.), Calendar of Ormond Deeds, Volume IV, 1509-1547 A.D., p. 110

[169] Curtis (ed.), Calendar of Ormond Deeds, volume III, 1413-1509 A.D., p. 312

[170] Mac Niocaill, G. (ed.), Crown Surveys of Lands 1540-41 with the Kildare rental begun in 1518 (Dublin, 1992), p. 307

[171] Curtis (ed.), Calendar of Ormond Deeds, Volume IV, 1509-1547 A.D., p. 110

[172] Curtis (ed.), Calendar of Ormond Deeds, Volume IV, 1509-1547 A.D., pp. 128, 129

[173] Curtis (ed.), Calendar of Ormond Deeds, Volume IV, 1509-1547 A.D., p. 132

[174] Quinn, ‘The re-emergence of English policy as a major factor in Irish affairs, 1520-34’, pp. 662-687, at p. 680

[175] Quinn, ‘The re-emergence of English policy as a major factor in Irish affairs, 1520-34’, pp. 662-687, at p. 684

[176] Brewer & Bullen (eds.), Calendar of the Carew Manuscripts, Vol. 1 (1515-1574), p. 112

[177] Mac Niocaill (ed.), Crown Surveys of Lands 1540-41 with the Kildare rental begun in 1518, pp. 2-14

[178] Curtis (ed.), Calendar of Ormond Deeds, Volume IV, 1509-1547 A.D., p. 194

[179] Gairdner, J., & Brodie, R.H. (eds.), Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 16, 1540-1541(London, 1898), p. 375

[180] Curtis (ed.), Calendar of Ormond Deeds, Volume IV, 1509-1547 A.D., p. 235

[181] Curtis (ed.), Calendar of Ormond Deeds, Volume IV, 1509-1547 A.D., p. 260

[182] Curtis (ed.), Calendar of Ormond Deeds, Volume IV, 1509-1547 A.D., p. 287

[183] Curtis (ed.), Calendar of Ormond Deeds, Volume IV, 1509-1547 A.D., p. 300

[184] Curtis, E. (ed.), Calendar of Ormond Deeds, Volume V, 1547-1584 A.D. (Dublin, 1941), p. 126

[185] Curtis (ed.), Calendar of Ormond Deeds, Volume V, 1547-1584 A.D., p. 136

[186] Cunningham, B. (ed.), Calendar of State Papers, Ireland, Tudor Period, 1566-1567 (Dublin, 2009), no. 269

[187] Cunningham (ed.), Calendar of State Papers, Ireland, Tudor Period, 1566-1567, no. 482

[188] Cunningham, B. (ed.), Calendar of State Papers, Ireland, Tudor Period, 1568-1571 (Dublin, 2010), no. 208

[189] Curtis (ed.), Calendar of Ormond Deeds, Volume V, 1547-1584 A.D., p. 172

[190] Curtis (ed.), Calendar of Ormond Deeds, Volume V, 1547-1584 A.D., p. 64

[191] Cunningham (ed.), Calendar of State Papers, Ireland, Tudor Period, 1568-1571, no. 440

[192] Cunningham (ed.), Calendar of State Papers, Ireland, Tudor Period, 1568-1571, no. 467

[193] Curtis (ed.), Calendar of Ormond Deeds, Volume V, 1547-1584 A.D., pp. 189, 191

[194] Curtis (ed.), Calendar of Ormond Deeds, Volume V, 1547-1584 A.D., p. 197

[195] O’Dowd, M. (ed.), Calendar of State Papers, Ireland, Tudor Period, 1571-1575 (London & Dublin, 2000), no. 275

[196] Dryburgh & Smith (eds.), Handbook for Medieval Ireland in the National Archives of the U.K., p. 49

[197] Curtis (ed.), Calendar of Ormond Deeds, 1172-1350 A.D., no. 529

[199] Connolly (ed.), Irish Exchequer Payments, 1270-1446, p. 405

[200] Connolly (ed.), Irish Exchequer Payments, 1270-1446, p. 442

[201] Connolly (ed.), Irish Exchequer Payments, 1270-1446, pp. 460, 469

[202]The Complete Peerage, vol. X, p. 393

[203] Weinbaum (ed.), British Borough Charters 1307-1660, p. 221

[204] Brooks, Knights’ fees in Counties Wexford, Carlow and Kilkenny, 13th-15th Century, p. 36

[205] Weinbaum (ed.), British Borough Charters 1307-1660, p. 221

[206] Weinbaum (ed.), British Borough Charters 1307-1660, p. 221

[207] Weinbaum (ed.), British Borough Charters 1307-1660, p. 221

[208] Weinbaum (ed.), British Borough Charters 1307-1660, p. 221

[212] Weinbaum (ed.), British Borough Charters 1307-1660, p. 221

[214] Weinbaum (ed.), British Borough Charters 1307-1660, p. 221

[217] Curtis (ed.), Calendar of Ormond Deeds, volume III, 1413-1509 A.D., p. 204

[218] Wells-Furby (ed.), A catalogue of the medieval muniments at Berkeley Castle, Vol. 2, p. 685, D1/1/27

[219] Curtis (ed.), Calendar of Ormond Deeds, 1172-1350 A.D., no. 405

[220] Down, ‘Colonial society and economy’, pp. 439-491, at p. 475

[221] Brooks, Knights’ fees in Counties Wexford, Carlow and Kilkenny, 13th-15th Century, p. 21

[222] Brooks, Knights’ fees in Counties Wexford, Carlow and Kilkenny, 13th-15th Century, p. 32

[223] Curtis (ed.), Calendar of Ormond Deeds, 1172-1350 A.D., no. 529

[224] Connolly (ed.), Irish Exchequer Payments, 1270-1446, p. 482

[225]The Complete Peerage, vol. X, p. 393

[226]The Complete Peerage, vol. X, pp. 394, 395

[227]The Complete Peerage, vol. X, p. 395

[228] Brooks, Knights’ fees in Counties Wexford, Carlow and Kilkenny, 13th-15th Century, pp. 6, 7

[229] Curtis (ed.), Calendar of Ormond Deeds, volume III, 1413-1509 A.D., pp. 173-175

[230] Mac Niocaill (ed.), Crown Surveys of Lands 1540-41 with the Kildare rental begun in 1518, pp. 307, 308

[231] Brewer & Bullen (eds.), Calendar of the Carew Manuscripts, Vol. 1 (1515-1574), p. 85

[232] Brewer & Bullen (eds.), Calendar of the Carew Manuscripts, Vol. 1 (1515-1574), p. 112

[233] Mac Niocaill (ed.), Crown Surveys of Lands 1540-41 with the Kildare rental begun in 1518, pp. 11-14

[234] Brooks, Knights’ fees in Counties Wexford, Carlow and Kilkenny, 13th-15th Century, pp. 6, 7

[235] Mac Niocaill (ed.), Crown Surveys of Lands 1540-41 with the Kildare rental begun in 1518, pp. 15-18

[236] Brooks, Knights’ fees in Counties Wexford, Carlow and Kilkenny, 13th-15th Century, p. 22

[237] Gairdner, J., & Brodie, R.H. (eds.), Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 13, Part 1, January-July 1538 (London, 1898), p. 33, no. 97

[238] Cunningham (ed.), Calendar of State Papers, Ireland, Tudor Period, 1566-1567, no. 324

[239]Ó Laidhin, T. (ed.), Sidney State Papers, 1565-70 (Dublin, 1962), no. 55 (2)

[240] Cunningham (ed.), Calendar of State Papers, Ireland, Tudor Period, 1568-1571, no. 241

[241] Cunningham (ed.), Calendar of State Papers, Ireland, Tudor Period, 1568-1571, no. 286

[242] O’Dowd (ed.), Calendar of State Papers, Ireland, Tudor Period, 1571-1575, no. 22

[243] Crawford, J., Anglicizing the Government of Ireland: The Irish Privy Council and the expansion of Tudor rule, 1556-1578 (Blackrock, 1993), p. 470

[244] Cunningham (ed.), Calendar of State Papers, Ireland, Tudor Period, 1568-1571, no. 349

[245] Cunningham (ed.), Calendar of State Papers, Ireland, Tudor Period, 1568-1571, no. 476

[246] Cunningham (ed.), Calendar of State Papers, Ireland, Tudor Period, 1568-1571, no. 530

[247] Cunningham (ed.), Calendar of State Papers, Ireland, Tudor Period, 1568-1571 (Dublin, 2010), no. 607

[248]Curtis (ed.), Calendar of Ormond Deeds, Volume VI, 1584-1603 A.D., p. 196

[249]Curtis (ed.), Calendar of Ormond Deeds, Volume VI, 1584-1603 A.D., p. 163

[250] Cunningham (ed.), Calendar of State Papers, Ireland, Tudor Period, 1566-1567 (Dublin, 2009), no. 117, p. 65

[251] Curtis (ed.), Calendar of Ormond Deeds, Volume IV, 1509-1547 A.D., p. 56

[252] Quinn, ‘The re-emergence of English policy as a major factor in Irish Affairs, 1520-34’, pp. 638-661, at p. 669; Curtis (ed.), Calendar of Ormond Deeds, Volume IV, 1509-1547 A.D., p. 74

[253] Curtis (ed.), Calendar of Ormond Deeds, Volume IV, 1509-1547 A.D., p. 79

[254] Cunningham (ed.), Calendar of State Papers, Ireland, Tudor Period, 1566-1567, no. 117, p. 58

[255] Crawford, Anglicizing the Government of Ireland, 1556-1578, p. 203, note 111

[256] Curtis (ed.), Calendar of Ormond Deeds, Volume IV, 1509-1547 A.D., p. 278

[257] Cunningham (ed.), Calendar of State Papers, Ireland, Tudor Period, 1566-1567, no. 79

[258] Cunningham (ed.), Calendar of State Papers, Ireland, Tudor Period, 1566-1567, no. 321

[259] Cunningham (ed.), Calendar of State Papers, Ireland, Tudor Period, 1566-1567, no. 79

[260] Cunningham (ed.), Calendar of State Papers, Ireland, Tudor Period, 1566-1567, no. 549

[261] Cunningham (ed.), Calendar of State Papers, Ireland, Tudor Period, 1566-1567, no. 549

[262] Cunningham (ed.), Calendar of State Papers, Ireland, Tudor Period, 1568-1571, no. 202

[263] Cunningham (ed.), Calendar of State Papers, Ireland, Tudor Period, 1568-1571, no. 234; Quinn, D.B., ‘Additional Sidney State Papers, 1566-70’, in Analecta Hibernica, No. 26 (1970), pp. 89-102, at p. 98

[264] Cunningham (ed.), Calendar of State Papers, Ireland, Tudor Period, 1568-1571, no. 310

[265] Cunningham (ed.), Calendar of State Papers, Ireland, Tudor Period, 1568-1571, no. 317

[266] Cunningham (ed.), Calendar of State Papers, Ireland, Tudor Period, 1568-1571, no. 375

[267] Cunningham (ed.), Calendar of State Papers, Ireland, Tudor Period, 1568-1571, no. 500

[268] Cunningham (ed.), Calendar of State Papers, Ireland, Tudor Period, 1568-1571, no. 662

[269] Crawford, Anglicizing the Government of Ireland, 1556-1578, p. 303

[270] Crawford, Anglicizing the Government of Ireland, 1556-1578, p. 286

[271] Crawford, Anglicizing the Government of Ireland, 1556-1578, pp. 378, 379

[272] Crawford, Anglicizing the Government of Ireland, 1556-1578, p. 215, note 162

[273] Crawford, Anglicizing the Government of Ireland, 1556-1578, p. 405

[274]Curtis (ed.), Calendar of Ormond Deeds, Volume VI, 1584-1603 A.D., p. 70

[275]Curtis (ed.), Calendar of Ormond Deeds, Volume VI, 1584-1603 A.D., p. 100

[276] Treadwell, V., Buckingham and Ireland, 1616-1628: A Study in Anglo-Irish Politics (Dublin, 1998), p. 113

[277] Treadwell, Buckingham and Ireland, 1616-1628: A Study in Anglo-Irish Politics, p. 113

[278] Treadwell, Buckingham and Ireland, 1616-1628: A Study in Anglo-Irish Politics, p. 113

[279]Curtis (ed.), Calendar of Ormond Deeds, Volume VI, 1584-1603 A.D., p. v

[280]Curtis (ed.), Calendar of Ormond Deeds, Volume VI, 1584-1603 A.D., p. vi

[281]Curtis (ed.), Calendar of Ormond Deeds, Volume VI, 1584-1603 A.D., p. vi

[282]Curtis (ed.), Calendar of Ormond Deeds, Volume VI, 1584-1603 A.D., p. vi

[283] Wood, H. (ed.), Court Book of the Liberty of Saint Sepulchre within the jurisdiction of the Archbishop of Dublin, 1585-1590 (Dublin, 1930), p. xi

[284] Wood (ed.), Court Book of the Liberty of Saint Sepulchre Dublin, 1585-1590, p. xii