Fulling
mills in the early Fifteenth Century according to the
Inquisitions
Post Mortem
Niall
C.E.J. O’Brien
This article explores
the fulling mills of early fifteenth century England and Wales as recorded in
the various Calendars of Inquisitions Post Mortem in the years from 1418 to
1447. The inquisitions recorded about ninety-eight fulling mills in that
period. The inquisitions principally dealt with great and small landowners who
held their property directly from the King.
Limitations
of the Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem
Even where a landowner
is recorded in an inquisition post mortem the presence of a fulling mill is not
always mention. When Robert Hill of Spaxton in Somerset died in 1423 the brief
record of his inquisition post mortem said he held Spaxton manor (worth 20
marks) and the advowson of the church but no further details.[1] It
is only in other documents that we find a fulling mill at Spaxton in 1412
rented from Robert Hill by John Person and William Tucker.[2] As
such the number of fulling mills recorded in the inquisitions is not the total number
of mills in operation at that time.
This is shown clearly
in the case of west Berkshire. In 1420 Edward Courtenay, Earl of Devon, had a
fulling mill at his manor of Sutton Courtenay in Berkshire, worth 6s 8d.[3]
This is the only fulling mill recorded in the inquisitions post mortem but it
was far from the only mill in Berkshire. Other sources identified sixteen
fulling mills in west Berkshire alone or about thirty-five per cent of all
identified mills.[4]
Elsewhere there are examples
of fulling mills that are noted for other reasons than the death of the owner.
One such case is of a fulling mill at Dunheved in Cornwall which was recorded
because it was mentioned as one of the boundary markers of the borough in 1400
when the prior of Launceston and the borough were settling areas of authority.[5] Even
a study of the Devon cloth industry in the eighteenth century failed to account
for all the fulling mills then in that county and that in a time when more
documents were available than in medieval times.[6]
Work
at a fulling mill
A fulling mill was
where cloth and other materials could be made more compact, firm and durable by
the process of scouring, cleansing and thickening the material. The end
objective was to shrink the cloth and thicken the fibres so that the woven
pattern was indistinguishable. The usual process involved was by placing a
piece of cloth in the trough at the mill. For a piece of 45 ells in size, about
15lbs of soap was required with haft going into two pails of hot water. The
solution was then added gradually to the trough. The cloth and solution was
then fulled for about two hours.[7]
Waterpower
at the mill
Before mechanisation
fulling was done by people walking into the trough. At some time water power
was applied instead of human power. In the time of King John the Templar’s had
two water-powered fulling mills and by the fourteenth century there were water
powered mills across the country. Most of the new fulling mills were located
where the rivers had swift currents and so in the uplands away from the
established towns. This placed the mills close to the wool growing districts
which worked best in the high ground.
The move towards
mechanisation was resisted by the old established fullers. In 1260 the merchant
guild of Leicester passed an ordinance that no guildsman should have a fulling
mill outside the town. In 1298 and 1310 complaints were made by the old London
fulling firms about cloth going out to mills at Stratford and elsewhere when the
cloth should have been fulled ‘by the feet of men of the craft or their
servants in their houses within the city. Even as late as 1346 it was forbidden
at Bristol to take raw cloth outside the city to be fulled.[8]
Water
powered fulling mills in 1418-1447
In the research among
the inquisitions post mortem of 1418 to 1447 a number of water-powered fulling
mills were discovered. In May 1439 Eleanor Talbot held a water mill for fulling
at her manor of Hamatethy in Cornwall (worth 2s) and another mill worth 6d at
Trethew. In Devon she had a water mill for fulling at Whelmstone, worth 40d.
Sir Robert Hungerford was her heir.[9] In
October 1443 Sir John Tiptoft, lord Tiptoft and Powis, was seized of a water
mill for fulling (worth 10s) at Ryme Intrinseca in Dorset.[10]
In February 1443 Alice, who was the wife of Sir Thomas Boteler, two water
mills, worth 40s of which one was for fulling at Sudeley in Gloucester.[11]
In 1422 Humphrey
Fitzwalter, son and heir of Walter Fitzwalter, held two water mills at
Lexden in Essex of which one was a
fulling mill, worth 40s yearly, and the other a corn mill. Humphrey possessed
other properties in Essex but no further fulling mill nor any at his properties
in Suffolk, Lincolnshire and Kent.[12]
In 1423 John de la Pole had two water mills at Guildford in Surrey worth 25s
each and a fulling mill without a loft worth 10s, which Robert Vyict formerly
held for life.[13]
In June 1439 Robert Warner had two fulling mills under one roof on his manor of
Poyle in Surrey (worth 10s).[14]
Further
work at a fulling mill
After two hours in the
fulling trough the cloth was taken out and well wrung to squeeze out the dirt
and grease. The cloth then went back into the trough for a second period of
fulling. After this the rest of the soap was added into a pot and poured four
times onto the cloth. The cloth was then taken out and stretched for two hours
and stretched again and again until over a two hour period to get the required
quality and thickness. But even after all of that the work was not done unless
you were working with white cloth which used less soap and involved less
labour. Finally the cloth was scoured in hot water and kept in the trough until
clean.[15]
Owners
of fulling mills
Because water powered
mills were located out in the countryside they were invariably built on land
owned by the great landowners. Sometimes the landowners would operate the mills
but it was more normal for the mills to be leased out to enterprising weavers
and fullers. These people would then hire local people to work the mills, like
the sons of tenants, women and small farmers.[16]
The great landowners
were not the other people to possess a fulling mill, small proprietors also had
mills. In November 1439 John Flory held a fulling mill called
‘Keynershoysmylle’ at Orchardleigh in Somerset. The mill was worth 30s 6d
yearly. John also had a messuage and about 7½ acres of land and underwood,
which he held of the king as a twentieth part of a knight’s fee. He was
succeeded by his son John Flory.[17]
John Flory was the smallest property owner to hold a fulling mill in all the
inquisitions post mortem taken between 1418 and 1447.
Apart from the great
landowners other people also had fulling mills such as the King, various
religious houses and town corporations. In 1439 an inquisition found the King
had a fulling mill at his manor of King’s Cliffe in Northamptonshire, worth 13s
4d. At Geddington in the same county the king had a fulling mill worth 26s 8d,
the repair of which belonged to the King. The mill was in the King’s hand due
to lack of tenants.[18]
The Duchy of Cornwall
had a number of fulling mills. There was one by the borough of Grauntpont with
two corns mills; one at Moresk with two corns mills; a water mill for corn and
a fulling mill at Calystock and a fulling mill at Clymeslond.[19]
By 1650 there were two fulling mills at Moresk and at Clymeslond.[20] Elsewhere
the Bishop of Carlisle had a fulling mill on the River Caldew, worth 10s
yearly.[21]
In about 1436 John Bullford of Newbury built a new fulling mill on free land at
Shaw in Berkshire that belonged to Ingram atte Moore without the permission of
Winchester College.[22]
Not
every place had a fulling mill
Just as not every manor
had a corn mill so it was that not every place had a fulling mill. Even the great
landowners, with property scattered across several counties had only a mill
here and there. In 1425 Edmund Mortimer, Earl of March and Ulster, died seized
of vast estates across many of the counties of England but only seven fulling
mills.[23]
In Cornwall, Margaret
Peurell had a fulling mill at her manor of Park worth 4s yearly. The same manor
had a grist mill and dovecot. In the six other manors held by Margaret there
was only a grist mill at three of them and no more fulling mills.[24] In
October 1446 the inquisition post mortem of Henry Beauchamp, Duke of Warwick,
found that he held the fulling mill at South Tawton in Devon, worth 12d yearly
and no other mill across his vast estates spread over several counties.[25]
How
old was each fulling mill
It is difficult to date
each of the ninety-eight fulling mills mentioned in the inquisitions between
1418 and 1447. In 1422 Sir John de Clifford had a fulling mill at Skipton in
Yorkshire worth 20s. There was a fulling mill at Skipton as early as 1327
according to the inquisitions post mortem of that time.[26] At
Wakefield, also in Yorkshire, in 1434 Joan, Duchess of York, had a fulling mill
worth 13s 4d. There was a fulling mill at Wakefield since at least 1327.[27] A
search through the available books and manuscripts may establish an early date
for some of the ninety-eight mills but as not all of the medieval documents
have survived it is possible to get a false impression as to the age of some of
the mills.
The
value of a fulling mill
The scribes of the
Inquisitions Post Mortem gave a monetary value for most of the recorded fulling
mills. These values ranged from worthless mills that were decayed or in ruins
to very valuable mills. The mill with the lowest value was that at Trethew in
Cornwall worth 6d.[28] the
mills with the highest value were over 20s such as that held by John Roger of
Bryanston in Dorset who had a fulling mill at Barwick in Somerset, worth 26s 8d
above repairs.[29]
Elizabeth, widow of
Thomas, Duke of Norfolk, had some of highest valued fulling mills in the
country. In 1425 she had a fulling mill, worth 20s yearly, at Great Chesterford
in Essex, another mill at Hollesley in Suffolk, worth 20s (worth 26s 8d in
1432), a large mill at Swansea, worth 25s 6d.[30] In
1434 Joan, Duchess of York and wife Edmund, Duke of York, and of Sir Henry
Brounflete, had a fulling mill at Bedhampton manor in Hampshire worth 35s
yearly. Bedhampton was granted by King Edward III to Edmund of Woodstock from
whom it descended to Joan.[31]
The highest valued fulling
mill was that held by Elizabeth, who was the wife of Robert Lovell, in 1437.
She had a water mill called ‘fullingmill’, worth 60s yearly at her manor of
Layham in Suffolk and another fulling mill (worth 2 marks) at Borley manor in
Essex.[32]
Another fulling mill of
high value was in 1425 located at Cleobury Mortimer in Shropshire, where the
Earl of March and Ulster had a mill worth 40s yearly. This passed to his widow
Anne Mortimer and was again worth 40s in 1432.[33]
Most of the fulling
mills in the early fifteenth century were usually worth from 12d to 6s 8d. Examples
of these values include that held by Sir William Bodrugan at Trethew in
Cornwall (worth 12d), to that of 2s each for two mills at Challonsleigh in
Devon held by Sir Robert Chalons. The majority of mills started at 3s 4d such
as that at Ingleton in Yorkshire held by Margery, widow of Robert Hanley. The average
value of normal size mills was 6s 8d such as that at Allerston in Yorkshire
held by Sir Richard Hastings and that at Springfield in Essex held by Sir Lewis
John.[34]
Hammers heads at a fulling mill
The
value of a fulling mill compared to a corn mill
In most cases the value
of a corn mill was higher than that of a fulling mill, even within the same
manor. In 1422 Sir John de Clifford had a fulling mill at Langton in
Westmoreland, worth 6s 8d. In the same county he had a number of water mills
worth from 10s to 26s 8d.[35] In
1436 Sir John de Greystoke had a water mill for corn (worth 60s) and a fulling
mill (worth 6s 8d) at his manor of Greystoke in Cumberland. There was a fulling
mill at Greystoke as early as 1360 if not before then. In the same county he
also had a fulling mill at Berrier worth 3s 4d, a mill at Watermillock worth 6s
8d and two fulling mills at Sparket (worth 10s). At Dufton in Westmoreland Sir
John de Greystoke had a fulling mill worth 6s 8d and a corn mill worth 13s 4d.
At Morpeth in Northumberland Sir John de Greystoke had a water mill and a
fulling mill worth together 26s 8d yearly. He had a number of other water mills
for corn in that county but no further fulling mills.[36]
The higher value for a
corn mill over than of a fulling mill was not always repeated in every county. In
1428 Sir John Dynham had a fulling mill, worth 40d, at Hartland manor in Devon.
There were three corn mills at the same place were worth 20s yearly.[37]
Also in Devon, in February 1441, Anne, late Countess of Devon, had a fulling
mill at Tiverton which was worth 4s yearly with two grain mills valued at 51s
6d.[38]
But in 1438 Alice, who was the wife of William Fraunceys, had two mills on her
manor of Hele in Devon, one for grain and the other a fulling mill and each
were worth 20d yearly.[39]
The
value of a fulling mill and its income
In 1428 Sir John Dynham
had a fulling mill at Buckland Dinham in Somerset worth 16s per year. In the
same place he had a grain mill (worth 16s) and two dovecots (6s yearly).[40]
It is sometimes difficult to relate the value of a fulling mill to the income
it could generate. In 1505 a mill at Levyngton Bishop in Wiltshire was valued
at 60s yearly and was leased for 85 years at an annual rent of 33s 4d.[41]
In 1428 Hugh Luterell
held two fulling mills at Carhampton in Somerset worth 6s 8d each. The same
manor had three water mills (60s each) and one dovecot (3s 4d).[42]
Another inquisition held in 1430 into the estate of Sir John Lutterell repeated
the values of the fulling mills, water mills and dovecot. Margaret, widow of
Sir John Lutterell, received as part of her dower a tenement and fulling mill
at Carhampton that Thomas Cross rented for 13s 4d per year.[43]
In 1439 the Earl of
Warwick received 13s 4d in rent from a fulling mill at Dursley,
Gloucestershire, that Alice Cooper held. The value of the mill was not stated.
The jury didn’t know who the landlord of the mill was but they were sure it was
not the king.[44]
In the early years of King Edward III Sir John Botetort leased a fulling mill
at Halsted in Essex to Sir John Dyn, Margery his wife and John de Boys for 66s
8d per year. Sir John Botetort held the mill from Sir Robert Busser by the
service of 1lb of pepper and 2d yearly.[45]
Extra
income associated with fulling mills
The income from a
fulling mill was not the only income a landlord could receive. There were other
associated sources of income available in certain places. In December 1440
Joan, late Countess of Westmoreland, had a fulling mill at Penrith in
Cumberland worth 3s 4d. In the vill of Penrith the lord received 20s in annual
rent from the tailor’s farm and other monies from the baker and tanner farms (26s
8d & 4s) along with 4d from the dyer’s farm and 2s from the weavers.[46]
Fulling
mills declining in value or in ruins
Many of the fulling
mills recorded in the early fifteenth century were standing and operation. Yet
a number of the inquisitions show fulling mills declining in value or in ruins.
In 1436 Sir Robert Babthorp had a fulling mill at North Cave in Yorkshire which
was worth nothing because it was ruinous.[47] In
1445 John Speke had a valueless fulling mill at Brushford in Devon along with
other property across the county which were not always in good condition.[48]
In 1435 Walter Sandes
had a fulling mill at Upper Clatford in Hampshire worth 13s 4d.[49]
In October 1442 Thomas Sandes had the fulling mill at Upper Clatford where the
value was unstated but included in the overall value of his property there.[50]
At the inquisition post mortem of Sibyl, late wife of Thomas Sandes (October
1445), the fulling mill was worth 10s yearly.[51]
With this information we can see a decline in the value of the mill over the
ten years.
In 1428 Richard Rede
held two ‘weakened’ fulling mills on his manor of Walbury in Essex, each worth
10s yearly.[52]
A few years later, in 1436, John, son of Richard Rede, had the two fulling
mills at Wallbury but by then they were of no value because they were ‘greatly
run-down’.[53]
The reasons why the two
mills had declined in value to become valueless are difficult to establish at
this distance in time. Bad estate management or local changes in farming could
have been factors. A neighbouring landlord could have built a better fulling
mill or diverted the local water source and so decreasing the power and value
of the mill. These local influences may be at the heart of it as not every
fulling mill was worthless. In 1435 Alice, wife of Sir Guy de Bryene, had a
fulling mill at Brook Hall in Essex worth 20s yearly. But, at Sutton Poyntz in
Dorset, Alice had a nearly decayed mill which was worth nothing.[54]
Some fulling mills in
Wales in the early fifteenth century were in a decayed condition due to war. In
the lordship of Usk in Wales, Edmund Mortimer, Earl of March and Ulster, held a
fulling mill which before the Welsh rebellion was worth £7 but by 1425, for
want of a tenant, was only worth 40s (worth 13s 4d in 1432). A number of corn
mills in the Usk area were totally destroyed in the Welsh rebellion and were
worth nothing. The fulling mill at Cwmwd Deuddwr was also worth nothing because
it was totally destroyed. Yet not all the Welsh mills were destroyed as at
Caellion the Earl of March had another fulling mill worth 20s yearly. Another
mill at Swansea held Elizabeth, widow of Thomas, Duke of Norfolk, was in 1425
worth 25s 6d. Over the border in Herefordshire the Earl of March had fulling
mills at Knighton (worth 13s 4d) and Pembridge (worth 23s 4d) which by their
value were in good working order.[55]
The
decline and rise in value of fulling mills
But just as fulling
mills appear to decline in value there are also examples of mills improving
over time. In 1428 Joan, wife of Sir Thomas Pomeray, had a fulling mill at
Tregony manor in Cornwall, worth 5s per year and at Stockleigh Pomeray in Devon
she had a fulling mill worth nothing.[56]
By 1446 Edward Pomeray observed the decline in value of the fulling mill (worth
20d) at Tregony to 20d. But at the same time the mill at Stockleigh Pomeray had
increased in value to 20d.[57]
Here we see a decline in the value of the Cornwall mill and an increase for the
one in Devon where both were owned by the same person.
Gaps in the records of the Inquisitions Post Mortem
As said above in the
introduction, not every fulling mill of the early fifteenth century was
recorded in the various inquisitions and even those that were recorded present
difficulties of interpretation. An example of this comes from Cumberland.
In November 1439
Katherine, who was the wife of Richard Salkeld, held a fulling mill, worth 6s
8d at her manor of Great Corby in Cumberland along with other property
including two mills for grain (worth 33s 4d and 20s). But chancery was suspect
as to the truthfulness of the November inquisition post mortem and issued a new
writ. The new inquiry in December found that she had two fulling mills at Great
Cosby worth 6s 8d and only one grain mill worth 20s yearly. It is not clear if
the fulling mills were worth 6s 8d in total or each worth that amount.[58]
It is also not clear what happened to the grain mill worth 33s 4d. Was it the second
fulling mill or was the mill owned by a different person and so not part of the
estate of Katherine Salkeld?
In other cases we are
fortunate to have a series of inquisitions post mortem to determine the number
of mills in a locality. In August 1400 Isabel, widow of Sir William Cogan, died
and was found seized of three fulling mills at Uffculme, worth 6s. Isabel Cogan
was succeeded by Fulk Fitzwarin who died in September 1420 leaving two fulling
mills at Uffculme worth 4s. In November 1420, Anne, widow of Fulk Fitzwarin,
left one third of the Uffculme mills worth 2s.[59]
In 1431 Sir Richard Hankford had two fulling mills at Uffculme in Devon, worth
16s with a water mill.[60]
This would suggest that the three mills there in 1400 were still in operation
in 1420. If we didn’t have the inquisition of Anne Fitzwarin or Richard
Hankford we may have concluded that the number of fulling mills at Uffculme had
declined.
Conclusion
Historians are often
given to make general comments about history but this article on fulling mills
in the early fifteenth century shows that general comments can be misleading.
In this article we saw mills in ruins or decaying in value but in the same
period places like war-torn Wales had some of the highest valued mills. In
other cases the value of mills under the same owner increased and decreased at
different places within the same time period. It is only by looking at the
evidence in many different locations in different counties that can we come to
some conclusion. Corn mills may have been more valued than fulling mills in
monetary terms but people also needed clothes on their backs as well as food in
their stomachs.
The mechanisation of
fulling mills also shows that the medieval world was not all hard back-breaking
labour – the age could embrace new technologies. The powered fulling mills,
which were opposed to by the old companies in the beginning, were still part of
the landscape in the early fifteenth century. How many of the mills mentioned
above survived the economic depression of the mid Fifteenth century is a matter
to be discovered in future editions of the Calendar
of Inquisitions Post Mortem series.
====================
Appendix
one
Below is an account of
those fulling mills which appeared in the various Inquisitions Post Mortem
between 1418 and 1447 and which were not mentioned in the above article.
Cumberland
In 1418 Ralph, Baron
Greystoke, had a fulling mill at Scalefield in Cumberland, worth 6s 8d, and
another mill at Morpeth in Northumberland with no stated value.[61]
In 1436 John
Crakenthorp had a third part of a fulling mill at Ousby in Cumberland worth 12d
yearly and a water mill worth 40d. John held these and other lands and
buildings in Cumberland by curtesy after the death of his wife Alice with
reversion to his son William Crakenthorp.[62]
In Westmoreland county John Crakenthorp held a fulling mill in fee at Newbiggin
(worth 12d) and a water mill worth 2s along with other lands and buildings.[63]
In May 1439 William
Crakenthorp held the fulling mill at Newbigin (worth 12d) and the third part of
the mill at Ousby. William died on 25th April 1439 and was succeeded
by his son John Crakenthorp.[64]
Derbyshire
In 1423 Elizabeth,
widow of John de Neville, had a fulling mill at Larkwell in Derbyshire worth
20s yearly.[65]
Devon
In 1420 Edward
Courtenay, Earl of Devon, had a fulling mill at Washbourne but no separate
value was given for it.[66] In
March 1438 John Chechester held a message, a fulling mill and a carucate of
land at Ruxford in Devon from the king as parcel of the Duchy of Cornwall. The
total annual value was 46s 8d. He held other property in other places in Devon.
On 16th April 1429 John Chechester had granted an annual rent of 26s
8d on the property at Ruxford to Richard Holand for life. On 9th
October 1430 John Chechester granted an annual rent of 40s on the Ruxford
property to Juliana Badham for life. On 28th March 1437 John
Chechester granted most of his property to trustees and after death was
succeeded by his son Richard, a minor.[67]
Margaret Peuerell had a
fulling mill (worth 3s 4d) at Whelmstone Barton along with a grist mill (worth
3s 4d).[68] In
June 1439 Richard Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, had a fulling mill at North Bovey
worth 5s yearly.[69]
Essex
In 1427 Idony, widow of
John Walden, had a grist mill and fulling mill at her manor of Dedham in Essex,
which she held in common with the priory of Campsey Ash. The manor’s part of
the two mills was worth 26s 8d.[70]
Kent
In November 1447
Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, had three water mills at Penshurst in Kent (worth
40s). One of these mills was used for fulling cloth.[71]
Lincolnshire
In 1421 Sir John de Welles
had a fulling mill, worth 20s, at his manor of Aby in Lincolnshire and three
mills at the manor of Well, worth 4s each.[72]
In 1426 Margery, the widow of Sir John Welles, held a third part of the fulling
mill at Aby (worth 6s), a slight decline in value of the total mill.[73] In
1430 Cecily, widow of Sir William Cheyne, had a fulling mill at Tothill manor
in Lincolnshire, worth 5s yearly, and a water mill worth 6s 8d.[74]
Shropshire
In 1431 Sir Richard
Hankford had two fulling mills at Whittington in Shropshire (worth 40s yearly)
and two water mills (worth 50s yearly). In 1420 the value of two thirds of the
fulling mills was 26s 8d and one third worth 13s 4d.[75]
He had another water mill at Red Castle worth 12s. The existence of the mills
was of advantage to the local communities as parts of Sir Richard’s property
were worth nothing because it was destroyed by Welsh rebels.[76]
Somerset
In 1422 Margaret
Peuerell held a fulling mill (worth 6s 8d) at South Carbury in Somerset. The
said manor also contained a grist mill (worth 6s 8d) and a dovecot (worth 3s
4d).[77]
Suffolk
In 1424 Maud, widow of
John de Monte Acto, Earl of Salisbury, held a fulling mill worth 6s 8d at her
manor of Newton in Suffolk.[78]
Wales
There were a number of
fulling mills in Wales, many of which were mentioned above. In 1432 John, Duke
of Norfolk, had the Swansea mill with an addition fulling mill at Clydach in
Wales worth 10s and another at Oystermouth (6s 8d) along with a mill at Kilvey
(worth 4s).[79]
Westmoreland
In 1434 Sir John de
Lancaster had a fulling mill worth 10s at his manor of Rydal in Westmoreland.[80] In
1436 Elizabeth, who was the wife of Ralph, Earl of Westmoreland, held a fulling
mill at Appleby in Westmoreland worth 6s 8d.[81]
In February 1445 Margaret, late wife of John, Duke of Somerset, had at Grasmere
in Westmoreland a third of two parts of a fulling mill with its profits (worth
2s 11½d) in the tenure of all the tenants of the hamlet.[82]
Wiltshire
In November 1447
Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, was found seized of a fulling mill at Milford in
Wiltshire which was valued along with a toft and 52 acres of land at 40s and
another mill at Mumworth called ‘Mommeworthesmill’ which was valued at 10s
yearly.[83]
Yorkshire
In 1421 Sir Richard
Lescrop of Castle Bolton held a fulling mill, worth two marks, at his manor of Ellerton-on-Swale
in Yorkshire.[84] In 1425 Ralph Neville,
Earl of Westmoreland, held at Richmond in Yorkshire a fulling mill worth 10s
yearly. There may have been mills at other locations but many of his properties
are just listed as a manor with its total value.[85]
In 1435 John, Duke of Bedford, had the fulling mill at Richmond, worth 10s, and
a water fulling mill at Penshurst in Kent but no other across his vast estates
spread over several counties.[86]
In 1425 Elizabeth, widow
of Thomas, Duke of Norfolk, a third part of a fulling mill at Hovingham in
Yorkshire (worth 3s 4d) as well as other places mentioned above.[87] In
1427 Joan, the widow of Roger Swyllyngton, had two water mills at Colburn in
Yorkshire. One of the mills was for grain (worth 10s yearly) and the other mill
was a fulling mill (worth 5s yearly).[88]
In 1430 Sir Thomas de
Roos of Helmsley had a fulling mill at Harome manor in Yorkshire (worth 6s 8d)
and a water mill for grain (worth 20s).[89] In
October 1438 Margaret, wife of Sir William Roos of Helmsley, held four fulling
mills at Howsham in Yorkshire, each worth 6s 8d yearly above maintenance and
repair. She had a grain mill at the same place worth 20s above repair.[90]
===========
End of post
===========
[1]
Kate Parkin (ed.), Calendar of Inquisitions
Post Mortem, Volume XXII, 1 to 5 Henry VI, 1422-1427 (Boydell Press &
National Archives, 2003), no. 94
[2]
Robert W. Dunning (ed.), The Hylle
Cartulary (Somerset Record Society, Vol. LXVIII, 1968), no. 30a
[3]
J.L. Kirby & Janet H. Stevenson (eds.), Calendar
of Inquisitions Post Mortem, Volume XXI, 6 to 10 Henry V, 1418-1422
(Boydell Press & National Archives, 2002), nos. 345, 937
[4]
Margaret Yates, ‘Watermills in the Local Economy of a Late Medieval Manor in
Berkshire’, in Social Attitudes and
Political Structures in the Fifteenth Century, edited by Tim Thorton
(Stroud, 2000)
[5]
P.L. Hull (ed.), The cartulary of
Launceston Priory (Devon & Cornwall Record Society, New Series, Vol.
30, 1987), no. 38
[6]
Stanley D. Chapman (ed.), The Devon cloth
industry in the Eighteenth Century: Sun Fire Office inventory of merchant’s and
manufacturers’ property, 1726-1770 (Devon & Cornwall Record Society,
New Series, Vol. 23, 1978), p. xvii
[7] National Encyclopaedia (William
Mackenzie, London, 1870), Vol. VI, p. 507
[8]
May McKisack, The Fourteenth Century
1307-1399 (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1997), p. 365
[9]
Claire Noble (ed.), Calendar of Inquisitions
Post Mortem, Volume XXV, 16 to 20 Henry VI, 1437-1442 (Boydell Press &
National Archives, 2009), nos. 255, 256
[10]
M.L. Holford (ed.), Calendar of Inquisitions
Post Mortem, Volume XXVI, 21 to 25 Henry VI, 1442-1447 (Boydell Press &
National Archives, 2009), no. 94
[11]
M.L. Holford (ed.), Calendar of Inquisitions
Post Mortem, Volume XXVI, 21 to 25 Henry VI, no. 110
[12]
Kate Parkin (ed.), Calendar of Inquisitions
Post Mortem, Volume XXII, 1 to 5 Henry VI, no. 186
[13]
Kate Parkin (ed.), Calendar of Inquisitions
Post Mortem, Volume XXII, 1 to 5 Henry VI, no. 281
[14]
Claire Noble (ed.), Calendar of Inquisitions
Post Mortem, Volume XXV, 16 to 20 Henry VI, no. 162
[15] National Encyclopaedia, Vol. VI, p. 507
[16]
May McKisack, The Fourteenth Century
1307-1399, p. 366
[17]
Claire Noble (ed.), Calendar of Inquisitions
Post Mortem, Volume XXV, 16 to 20 Henry VI, no. 427
[18]
J.W.B. Chapman (ed.), Calendar of Inquisitions
Miscellaneous (Chancery), Volume VIII, 1422-1485 (Boydell Press &
National Archives, 2003), no. 128, 231
[19]
P.L. Hull (ed.), The caption of seisin of
the Duchy of Cornwall, 1337 (Devon & Cornwall Record Society, New
Series, Vol. 17, 1971), pp. 64, 73, 100, 108
[20]
Norman J.G. Pounds (ed.), The
Parliamentary survey of the Duchy of Cornwall, part 1, Austell Prior to Saltash
(Devon & Cornwall Record Society, New Series, Vol. 25, 1982), p. 92; Norman
J.G. Pounds (ed.), The Parliamentary
survey of the Duchy of Cornwall, part II, Isles of Scilly to West Antony and
manors in Devon (Devon & Cornwall Record Society, New Series, Vol. 27,
1984), pp. 155, 161
[21]
R.L. Storey (ed.), The Register of John
Kirkby, Bishop of Carlisle, 1332-1352 and the Register of John Ross, Bishop of
Carlisle, 1325-32 (Canterbury & York Society, 1955), Volume II, no. 843
(18)
[22]
Margaret Yates, ‘Watermills in the Local Economy of a Late Medieval Manor in
Berkshire’, in Social Attitudes and
Political Structures in the Fifteenth Century, edited by Tim Thorton
(Stroud, 2000)
[23]
Kate Parkin (ed.), Calendar of Inquisitions
Post Mortem, Volume XXII, 1 to 5 Henry VI, nos. 504, 507
[24]
Kate Parkin (ed.), Calendar of Inquisitions
Post Mortem, Volume XXII, 1 to 5 Henry VI, no. 140
[25]
M.L. Holford (ed.), Calendar of Inquisitions
Post Mortem, Volume XXVI, 21 to 25 Henry VI, no. 447
[26]
J.L. Kirby & Janet H. Stevenson (eds.), Calendar
of Inquisitions Post Mortem, Volume XXI, 6 to 10 Henry V, no. 957; J.E.E.S.
Sharp (ed.), Calendar of Inquisitions
Post Mortem, Volume VII, Edward III (Kraus reprint, 1973), no. 77 (p. 42)
[27]
M.L. Holford, S.A. Mileson, C.V. Noble & Kate Parkin (eds.), Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem, Volume
XXIV, 11 to 15 Henry VI, no. 262; J.E.E.S. Sharp (ed.), Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem, Volume
VII, Edward III, no. 82 (p. 57)
[28]
Claire Noble (ed.), Calendar of Inquisitions
Post Mortem, Volume XXV, 16 to 20 Henry VI, no. 255
[29]
Claire Noble (ed.), Calendar of Inquisitions
Post Mortem, Volume XXV, 16 to 20 Henry VI, no. 606
[30]
Kate Parkin (ed.), Calendar of Inquisitions
Post Mortem, Volume XXII, 1 to 5 Henry VI, nos. 434, 435, 441
[31]
M.L. Holford, S.A. Mileson, C.V. Noble & Kate Parkin (eds.), Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem, Volume
XXIV, 11 to 15 Henry VI, 1432-1437 (Boydell Press & National Archives,
2010), no. 260
[32]
Claire Noble (ed.), Calendar of Inquisitions
Post Mortem, Volume XXV, 16 to 20 Henry VI, nos. 81, 83
[33]
Kate Parkin (ed.), Calendar of Inquisitions
Post Mortem, Volume XXII, 1 to 5 Henry VI, no. 507; M.L. Holford, S.A.
Mileson, C.V. Noble & Kate Parkin (eds.), Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem, Volume XXIV, 11 to 15 Henry VI,
no. 71
[34] Kate
Parkin (ed.), Calendar of Inquisitions
Post Mortem, Volume XXII, 1 to 5 Henry VI, no. 747; M.L. Holford, S.A.
Mileson, C.V. Noble & Kate Parkin (eds.), Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem, Volume XXIV, 11 to 15 Henry VI,
no. 702; M.L. Holford (ed.), Calendar of
Inquisitions Post Mortem, Volume XXVI, 21 to 25 Henry VI, nos. 122, 318,
518
[35]
J.L. Kirby & Janet H. Stevenson (eds.), Calendar
of Inquisitions Post Mortem, Volume XXI, 6 to 10 Henry V, no. 958
[36]
M.L. Holford, S.A. Mileson, C.V. Noble & Kate Parkin (eds.), Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem, Volume
XXIV, 11 to 15 Henry VI, nos. 496, 497, 498; E.G. Atkinson (ed.), Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem, Volume
X, Edward III (Kraus reprint, 1973), no. 524 (p. 423)
[37]
Claire Noble (ed.), Calendar of
Inquisitions Post Mortem, Volume XXIII, 6 to 10 Henry VI, 1427-1432
(Boydell Press & National Archives, 2004), no. 260
[38]
Claire Noble (ed.), Calendar of Inquisitions
Post Mortem, Volume XXV, 16 to 20 Henry VI, no. 507
[39]
Claire Noble (ed.), Calendar of Inquisitions
Post Mortem, Volume XXV, 16 to 20 Henry VI, no. 44
[40]
Claire Noble (ed.), Calendar of
Inquisitions Post Mortem, Volume XXIII, 6 to 10 Henry VI, no. 259
[41]
Angela Conyers (ed.), Wiltshire extents
for debt Edward I-Elizabeth I (Wiltshire Record Society, Vol. 28, 1972),
no. 58
[42]
Claire Noble (ed.), Calendar of
Inquisitions Post Mortem, Volume XXIII, 6 to 10 Henry VI, no. 52
[43]
Claire Noble (ed.), Calendar of
Inquisitions Post Mortem, Volume XXIII, 6 to 10 Henry VI, nos. 555, 556
[44]
Claire Noble (ed.), Calendar of Inquisitions
Post Mortem, Volume XXV, 16 to 20 Henry VI, no. 286
[45] J.E.E.S.
Sharp (ed.), Calendar of Inquisitions
Post Mortem, Volume VIII, Edward III (Kraus reprint, 1973), no. 234
[46]
Claire Noble (ed.), Calendar of Inquisitions
Post Mortem, Volume XXV, 16 to 20 Henry VI, no. 517
[47]
M.L. Holford, S.A. Mileson, C.V. Noble & Kate Parkin (eds.), Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem, Volume
XXIV, 11 to 15 Henry VI, no. 706
[48]
M.L. Holford (ed.), Calendar of Inquisitions
Post Mortem, Volume XXVI, 21 to 25 Henry VI, no. 320
[49]
M.L. Holford, S.A. Mileson, C.V. Noble & Kate Parkin (eds.), Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem, Volume
XXIV, 11 to 15 Henry VI, no. 340
[50]
Claire Noble (ed.), Calendar of Inquisitions
Post Mortem, Volume XXV, 16 to 20 Henry VI, no. 608
[51]
M.L. Holford (ed.), Calendar of Inquisitions
Post Mortem, Volume XXVI, 21 to 25 Henry VI, no. 425
[52]
Claire Noble (ed.), Calendar of
Inquisitions Post Mortem, Volume XXIII, 6 to 10 Henry VI, no. 240
[53]
M.L. Holford, S.A. Mileson, C.V. Noble & Kate Parkin (eds.), Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem, Volume
XXIV, 11 to 15 Henry VI, no. 629
[54]
M.L. Holford, S.A. Mileson, C.V. Noble & Kate Parkin (eds.), Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem, Volume
XXIV, 11 to 15 Henry VI, nos. 343, 345
[55]
Kate Parkin (ed.), Calendar of Inquisitions
Post Mortem, Volume XXII, 1 to 5 Henry VI, nos. 435, 508, 510; M.L.
Holford, S.A. Mileson, C.V. Noble & Kate Parkin (eds.), Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem, Volume
XXIV, 11 to 15 Henry VI, nos. 77, 79
[56]
Claire Noble (ed.), Calendar of
Inquisitions Post Mortem, Volume XXIII, 6 to 10 Henry VI, nos. 246, 247
[57]
M.L. Holford (ed.), Calendar of Inquisitions
Post Mortem, Volume XXVI, 21 to 25 Henry VI, nos. 416, 417
[58]
Claire Noble (ed.), Calendar of Inquisitions
Post Mortem, Volume XXV, 16 to 20 Henry VI, nos. 393, 394, note 338
[59]
J.L. Kirby & Janet H. Stevenson (eds.), Calendar
of Inquisitions Post Mortem, Volume XXI, 6 to 10 Henry V, nos. 610, 627,
635
[60]
Claire Noble (ed.), Calendar of
Inquisitions Post Mortem, Volume XXIII, 6 to 10 Henry VI, no. 577; M.L.
Holford, S.A. Mileson, C.V. Noble & Kate Parkin (eds.), Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem, Volume
XXIV, 11 to 15 Henry VI, no. 240
[61]
J.L. Kirby & Janet H. Stevenson (eds.), Calendar
of Inquisitions Post Mortem, Volume XXI, 6 to 10 Henry V, nos. 110, 111
[62]
M.L. Holford, S.A. Mileson, C.V. Noble & Kate Parkin (eds.), Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem, Volume
XXIV, 11 to 15 Henry VI, 1432-1437, no. 467
[63]
M.L. Holford, S.A. Mileson, C.V. Noble & Kate Parkin (eds.), Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem, Volume
XXIV, 11 to 15 Henry VI, 1432-1437, no. 468
[64]
Claire Noble (ed.), Calendar of Inquisitions
Post Mortem, Volume XXV, 16 to 20 Henry VI, nos. 214, 215
[65]
Kate Parkin (ed.), Calendar of Inquisitions
Post Mortem, Volume XXII, 1 to 5 Henry VI, no. 150
[66]
J.L. Kirby & Janet H. Stevenson (eds.), Calendar
of Inquisitions Post Mortem, Volume XXI, 6 to 10 Henry V, no. 941
[67]
Claire Noble (ed.), Calendar of Inquisitions
Post Mortem, Volume XXV, 16 to 20 Henry VI, no. 103
[68]
Kate Parkin (ed.), Calendar of Inquisitions
Post Mortem, Volume XXII, 1 to 5 Henry VI, no. 139
[69]
Claire Noble (ed.), Calendar of Inquisitions
Post Mortem, Volume XXV, 16 to 20 Henry VI, no. 273
[70]
Kate Parkin (ed.), Calendar of Inquisitions
Post Mortem, Volume XXII, 1 to 5 Henry VI, no. 810
[71]
M.L. Holford (ed.), Calendar of Inquisitions
Post Mortem, Volume XXVI, 21 to 25 Henry VI, no. 550
[72]
J.L. Kirby & Janet H. Stevenson (eds.), Calendar
of Inquisitions Post Mortem, Volume XXI, 6 to 10 Henry V, no. 859
[73]
Kate Parkin (ed.), Calendar of Inquisitions
Post Mortem, Volume XXII, 1 to 5 Henry VI, no. 608
[74]
Claire Noble (ed.), Calendar of
Inquisitions Post Mortem, Volume XXIII, 6 to 10 Henry VI, no. 504
[75]
J.L. Kirby & Janet H. Stevenson (eds.), Calendar
of Inquisitions Post Mortem, Volume XXI, 6 to 10 Henry V, nos. 623, 631;
M.L. Holford, S.A. Mileson, C.V. Noble & Kate Parkin (eds.), Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem, Volume
XXIV, 11 to 15 Henry VI, no. 239
[76]
Claire Noble (ed.), Calendar of
Inquisitions Post Mortem, Volume XXIII, 6 to 10 Henry VI, no. 575
[77]
Kate Parkin (ed.), Calendar of Inquisitions
Post Mortem, Volume XXII, 1 to 5 Henry VI, no. 138
[78]
Kate Parkin (ed.), Calendar of Inquisitions
Post Mortem, Volume XXII, 1 to 5 Henry VI, no. 464
[79]
M.L. Holford, S.A. Mileson, C.V. Noble & Kate Parkin (eds.), Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem, Volume
XXIV, 11 to 15 Henry VI, nos. 114, 115
[80]
M.L. Holford, S.A. Mileson, C.V. Noble & Kate Parkin (eds.), Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem, Volume
XXIV, 11 to 15 Henry VI no. 403
[81]
M.L. Holford, S.A. Mileson, C.V. Noble & Kate Parkin (eds.), Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem, Volume
XXIV, 11 to 15 Henry VI, no. 691
[82]
M.L. Holford (ed.), Calendar of Inquisitions
Post Mortem, Volume XXVI, 21 to 25 Henry VI, no. 195
[83]
M.L. Holford (ed.), Calendar of Inquisitions
Post Mortem, Volume XXVI, 21 to 25 Henry VI, no. 548
[84]
J.L. Kirby & Janet H. Stevenson (eds.), Calendar
of Inquisitions Post Mortem, Volume XXI, 6 to 10 Henry V, no. 737
[85]
Kate Parkin (ed.), Calendar of Inquisitions
Post Mortem, Volume XXII, 1 to 5 Henry VI, no. 649
[86]
M.L. Holford, S.A. Mileson, C.V. Noble & Kate Parkin (eds.), Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem, Volume
XXIV, 11 to 15 Henry VI, nos. 547, 549a
[87]
Kate Parkin (ed.), Calendar of Inquisitions
Post Mortem, Volume XXII, 1 to 5 Henry VI, no. 436
[88]
Claire Noble (ed.), Calendar of
Inquisitions Post Mortem, Volume XXIII, 6 to 10 Henry VI, no. 113
[89]
Claire Noble (ed.), Calendar of
Inquisitions Post Mortem, Volume XXIII, 6 to 10 Henry VI, no. 542
[90]
Claire Noble (ed.), Calendar of Inquisitions
Post Mortem, Volume XXV, 16 to 20 Henry VI, no. 228
fascinating work as I am writing about Coggeshall Abbey mill --Essex
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