Chapel
and prebends in Exeter Castle
Niall
C.E.J. O’Brien
Introduction
Exeter castle was built
in about 1070 by Baldwin Fitz Gilbert, a distant kinsman of William the Conqueror.
It was built on a volcanic mound within the north angle of the city walls. The
great earthwork was strengthened by a towering keep-gatehouse at the southern
corner. This was constructed using local red-coloured basalt which gave the
castle its name of ‘Rougemont’. The castle was one of the earliest stone built
castles in Britain. Such a massive structure was needed because Exeter was not
captured by the Normans until two years after the famous Battle of Hastings in
1066.[1]
Baldwin Fitz Gilbert
was succeeded by his son Richard who died without issue. The castle was then
granted to Richard de Redvers who was created 1st Earl of Devon by
Henry I.[2] in
1223 Robert de Courtenay, ancestor of the Courtenay family of Okehampton and
the later Earls of Devon, was allowed to pay a fine to the king with
expenditure on repairs to Exeter Castle.[3] In
1232 Henry III seized the castle along with many others and gave it to his
younger brother, Richard, Earl of Cornwall. In 1337 when Edward, eldest son of
King Edward III, was created Duke of Cornwall he was given Exeter Castel and
the surrounding land.[4] The
chapel within Exeter Castle remained with the descendants of Baldwin Fitz
Gilbert.
This collegiate chapel
of the Holy Trinity (later referred to as the chapel of St. Mary) was founded
by Ralph Avenel and his aunt, Adela (daughter of Baldwin Fitz Gilbert), in the
time of King Stephen. Many medieval castles had a chapel of which St. George’s
Chapel at Windsor Castle is perhaps the most famous. The chaplain within the
castle offered religious comfort to the lord of the castle and his family. The
chaplain also provided comfort to the many domestic staff in the castle and the
soldiers who formed the garrison.
In the 1274 inquisition
post mortem for John de Courtenay of Okehampton it was said that 5 shillings
were paid yearly from the manor of Alphington, Devon, to the chapel of Exeter
Castle.[5] The
chapel at Exeter Castel was said to be in ruins in 1321 but was subsequently
repaired. The collegiate chapel was suppressed at the Reformation but the
chapel remained in use after the Reformation and was used by the county assizes
until it was demolished in 1782.
In this chapel were
four prebendaries. These prebends were: Hayes, or Cliston Hayes, in the parish
of Broad Clyst; Ash Clyst, in the same parish; Cutton in Poltimore, and
Carswell, in the parish of Kenne. William Avenell, son of Ralph, gave the collegiate
chapel, with its prebends, to the monks of Plympton. Later the grant was
resumed, at least in part, for we find that the prebend of Ash Clyst was given
by Robert Courtenay to Tor Abbey. Robert Courtenay was patron of Plympton, and
possessor of Exeter Castle.[6] For
a broader discussion on the prebend in the medieval church see my article about
same at http://celtic2realms-medievalnews.blogspot.ie/2014/05/prebends-in-medieval-church.html
In this article we hope
to record some information on the chapel and its prebends.
The gatehouse of Exeter Castle from gbtheatrecompany.com
The
three and four prebends
In the early days of
the Exeter castle chapel there were four prebendaries, named above. Around
1142-1145 William Avenel confirmed the gift of his father and grandaunt of the
chapel of Exeter Castle along with its four prebends and the two churches of
Alphington and Kenn to Plympton Priory.[7] The
chapel and prebends were later recovered and continued under the patronage of
the Courtenay family, heirs of Baldwin Fitz Gilbert. In 1262 there were still
four prebends as Henry de Esse was described as parson of one-fourth part of
the chapel of the then King’s Castle of Exeter. In that year, two brothers and
two sisters, tenants of the chapel, unsuccessfully claimed 1½ ferlings of land
in the suburbs of Exeter. The court found that land to be part of the prebend
of Henry, which was Cutton, and for which Henry paid 5 marks to the four
tenants.[8]
In the 1291 papal
taxation of Pope Nicholas IV there were four prebends listed, namely; Hayes,
Cutton, Ashclyst and Carswell.[9]
Yet by 1292 there were just three prebends, namely; Hayes, Cutton and Kerswille
(Carswell).[10]
The appearance of a reduction in the number of prebends was not because the
prebend of Ashclyst was terminated but that it was granted to Torre Abbey and
they remained patrons of Ashclyst until the dissolution of the monasteries. The
other three prebends continued to be held by the Courtenay family.
In 1292 the advowson of
the chapel of Exeter Castle and the three prebends were held by Hugh de
Courtenay, Lord of Okehampton, Devon and son of John de Courtenay of Okehampton
(died 1274) and Isabel, daughter of Hugh de Vere, Earl of Oxford. John de
Courtenay’s mother was Mary, youngest daughter of William de Redvers, 5th
Earl of Devon. Hugh de Courtenay was succeeded by his son, Hugh de Courtenay in
1292 and this Hugh succeeded to the estates of his cousin, Isabel, Countess of
Aumale and Devon in November 1293 although he was not recognised as Earl of
Devon until some forty years later.[11]
After the death of Hugh
de Courtenay in 1292, his widow, Eleanor, daughter of Hugh le Despenser, held
the advowson of the church of Ken and the chapel of Exeter Castle along with
the three prebends of Hayes, Cutton and Carswell with a number of manors in
different counties. In 1315 an agreement was made between Hugh de Courtenay and
Stephen de Haccumbe that the manors and prebends held by Eleanor should pass to
Stephen and then to Hugh and the children of Hugh in turn, namely; Hugh, Robert
and Thomas.[12]
At his death in
December 1340, Hugh de Courtenay held the advowson of the chapel of the Blessed
Mary in Exeter Castle and the three prebends by grant of Stephen de Haccumbe.[13] In
1377 Hugh de Courtenay, 10th Earl of Devon, held the three prebends
of Exeter Castle.[14]
At the death of Edward Courtenay, Earl of Devon, in December 1419 the following
inquisition post mortem found that Edward held the advowsons for the three
prebends of Hayes, Cutton and Kenn in Exeter Castle. The inquisition also found
that the annual value of the prebends was nothing. The three prebends were also
worth nothing in an inquisition taken in August 1422 after the death of Hugh Courtenay,
Earl of Devon.[15]
The Earldom of Devon then entered into royal custody because the heir, Thomas
Courtenay, was underage. A new inquisition conducted in December 1422 found the
prebend of Hayes was worth £33 6 shillings 8 pence in annual value, the prebend
of Cutton was worth £10, and the prebend of Kenn was worth 40 shillings.[16]
Prebend
of Heighes (Hayes)
The most valuable
prebend (£33 6s 8d) according to the 1422 inquisition was that of Heighes,
better known today as Hayes. In the papal taxation of 1291 Hayes was valued at
£10.[17] The
varied value of medieval churches has as much to do with who made the valuation
as to the economic situation at the time. In the 1291 papal taxation clerics
tried to keep values as low as possible to reduction taxation. The nil value
given for Hayes in 1422 by the Courtenay examiners would be to reduce the
inheritance tax bill while the high value done by the king’s men later in 1422
was to achieve maximum return of income while the king held the property during
the minority of the Courtenay heir.
The prebend was located
in the parish of Broad Clyst, just north-east of Exeter. The names Heighes or
Hayes is found throughout Devon and means enclosure or farmstead. The Hayes of
Broad Clyst is usually referred to as Moss-Hayes or the ‘farm of Moss’. Who was
the person called Moss was is unknown but he once held the farm in far off
days.[18]
Moss Hayes presently lies west of the River Clyst and east of the M5, just
south of Broad Clyst village.
In February 1261 Master
Thomas de Wimundesham exchanged the prebend of Ashclyst for that of Hayes. The
prebend of Hayes was said to be vacant for some time. Both prebends were under
the patronage of Sir John de Courtenay of Okehampton.[19]
In 1262, Master Thomas
de Wimundesham was canon of the prebend of Hayes. In that year, Walter de
Oyton, a tenant of Hayes prebend, claimed 1½ ferlings of land and 6 acres of
meadow in West Clyst. In court Walter de Oyton acknowledged that the land
belonged to the prebend and he agreed to hold it from Thomas and his successors
for 6 pence in yearly rent. For this Thomas de Wimundesham created the land
into a new croft so as to better secure the property against encroachment. This
agreement was confirmed by Walter, Bishop of Exeter and John de Courtenay of
Okehampton, patron of the prebend. In 1268 Master Thomas de Wimundesham was
vicar of Payhembury under the patronage of Forde Abbey. He resigned the living
before June 1272.[20]
Around 1274 Robert de
Littlebure was prebendary of Hayes under the patronage of Hugh de Courtenay of
Okehampton. Elsewhere it is said that Robert was instituted to Hayes in June
1278.[21]
It is not clear which year is the correct year.
Sir John Skidmore was
prebendary of Hayes in the 1330s and 1340s until his death in 1348. In 1339 the
prebend was valued at 40 shillings for which it paid 12 pence in procurations
to Exeter Cathedral.[22]
On 13th November 1348 Thomas de Courtenay, clerk, was instituted at
Chudleigh via his proctor, Simon Devenyshe. Thomas de Courtenay was the second
son of the then patron, Sir Hugh de Courtenay, Earl of Devon.[23]
Thomas de Courtenay
only kept Hayes for a year before he resigned the prebend in October 1349. At
the same time he resigned a number of other prebends including one at the
collegiate church of Crediton and another in Exeter Cathedral. The various
prebends were merely a source of income as Thomas was a student at Oxford
(1347-1349) and underage. He got a papal dispensation in February 1349 to hold
any benefice notwithstanding that he was only eighteen years old. In 1381
Thomas’s younger brother, William de Courtenay was made Archbishop of
Canterbury. Sir Robert de Pyle, priest, was instituted as next prebendary of
Hayes at the bishop’s palace in Exeter in place of Thomas de Courtenay.[24]
It is not clear for how
long Robert de Pyle held Hayes. On 18th September 1359 William de
Courtenay, chaplain, was instituted as prebendary on the recommendation of Sir
Hugh de Courtenay, Earl of Devon. William de Courtenay was the fourth son of
Hugh de Courtenay, Earl of Devon and continued to hold Hayes until at least
1366. Yet the prebend was only a start for William’s clerical career.
By 1361 William de
Courtenay was rector of Crewkerne, Somerset and a canon at York. After holding
a few other canonry’s and prebends William de Courtenay became Bishop of
Hereford in 1369. In 1370 William became Bishop of London and in 1381
Archbishop of Canterbury. As Archbishop of Canterbury William de Courtenay challenged
Richard II in defence of John of Gaunt and defended the church in Parliament
against more taxation. At Canterbury he contributed to the rebuilding of the
nave and in 1396 was buried there amidst great ceremony.[25]
On 3rd
September 1413 Master Thomas Hendeman was instituted as prebendary of Hayes.
Master Thomas Hendeman was a fellow of Oxford University in 1383 and he got an
MA from St. John’s College in 1393 and was a doctor of theology by 1395.
MasterThomas Hendeman served as chancellor of the University from 1395 to 1397
and again from 1398 to 1400. After Oxford, Master Thomas Hendeman held the
position of rector of a number of parishes in the Diocese of Exeter. He became
Archdeacon of Exeter in 1410 and in 1417 became chancellor of Exeter.[26]
An old drawing of Exeter Castle
the chapel of St. Mary was possibly one of the single story buildings
In January 1427-8
Master Thomas Hendeman exchanged the prebend of Hayes with Master Walter
Collys, rector of Crewkerne in Somerset. Master Collys was instituted at
Dogmersfield in the person of his proctor, Master Peter Stukeley, by John
Stafford, Bishop of Bath and Wells. King Henry VI was patron of Hayes at this
exchange.[27]
Master Thomas Hendeman only held Crewkerne for a few months and died on 2nd
January 1433.[28]
Master Walter Collys
was of noble birth when in 1413 he was granted licence to study at Oxford. His
first parish was as rector of Milton Damerel in Devon before he went on to hold
numerous other benefices in a few dioceses. He became precentor at Exeter in
April 1437. In 1441 Master Walter Collys was recognised by the government as a
good administrator and became a king’s clerk. He held many royal commissions
including a brief spell as constable of Bordeaux (1441-1442). He was on the
peace treaty team in talks with the French in 1442. By May 1453 Master Walter
Collys had died.[29]
Prebend
of Cutton
The manor
and prebend of Cutton was situated within the parish of Poltimore, Devonshire.
The parish of Poltimore lies between Exeter and Broad Clist parish. Cutton
means Cotta’s farm and is today located just north of Politmore village.[30]
The
prebendary of Cutton was to
assist the prebendary of Hayes in the chapel at Exeter Castle, and to say mass
once a year in the chapel of St. John at Poltimore.[31]
In the papal taxation of Pope Nicholas IV (1288-1291) Cutton was valued at £5 3
shillings 4 pence.[32]
In 1262 Henry de Esse
was parson of Cutton. In 1274 Henry de Esse was still prebendary of Cutton
which he held of Hugh de Courtenay of Okehampton in return for prayers for Hugh
and the new King Edward I.[33] Henry
de Esse continued to hold Cutton until at least 1291 in which year he is
recorded as prebendary.
In 1322 John Moriz,
prebendary of Cutton and rector of Parkham, died. Moriz was rector at Parkham
from at least 1309.[34] It
is not yet known when he acquired the prebendary of Cutton. In October 1329
Master Walter de Clopton held the prebendary of Cutton along with being rector
of Parkham. In that month he was granted papal letters for a canonry and
prebendary in Exeter Cathedral.[35]
Sir Walter de Clopton
died in 1346 and Master Thomas de Bodruyan succeeded William as rector of
Parkham. In November 1346 Thomas de Courtenay, second son of the patron, Hugh
de Courtenay, Earl of Devon, was instituted to Cutton in the person of his
proctor, Simon Devenyshe.[36]
Thomas de Courtenay was only about fifteen years old at the time.
In December 1348,
Master Robert de Paston succeeded Thomas de Courtenay as the prebendary of
Cutton. Paston did not stay long to collect much income or take part in
ceremonies at Exeter Castle as he was replaced in May 1349 by Master Otho de
Northwood.[37]
In November 1360 Philip
de Courtenay, clerk, was instituted as prebendary of Cutton.[38]
It is not clear who this Philip de Courtenay was. The fifth son of Hugh de Courtenay,
Earl of Devon was called Philip de Courtenay, later lord of Powderham and
ancestor of the present Earls of Devon but he was born about 1355 and so would
possibly not be described as a clerk in 1360.[39]
The next prebendary of
Cutton was Sir Robert Vaggescombe, a priest of the Diocese of Exeter. In
October 1366 Vaggescombe was admitted to Cutton while also rector of Parkham.
The prebend of Cutton was worth 8 marks at that time.[40]
In 1373 Vaggescombe was succeeded at Cutton by William de Bermingham in the
following manner.
By November 1362 Master
William de Bermingham had succeeded Adam de Hilton in a prebendary in Exeter
Cathedral. On 5th January 1373 Master William de Bermingham
exchanged this prebend with Robert Vaggescombe for the prebend of Cutton in the
chapel of Exeter Castle.[41]
Robert Vaggescombe kept the Exeter Cathedral prebendary until his death in June
1382. In his will of 23rd June 1381 Robert asked to be buried in
Exeter Cathedral or ‘wherever God disposes’.[42]
A commission in 1421
into the patronage of Cutton found that the prebendary had a pension of 6
shillings 8 pence and its taxation value was 113 shillings 4 pence. The
prebendary of Cutton along with the prebendary of Hayes performed the religious
ceremonies in the chapel of Exeter Castle.[43]
Sometime before June
1421, Sir Richard Dunscombe, the prebendary of Cutton in the prebendal church
of St. Mary, died. Sir Hugh Courtenay, Earl of Devon, nominated Sir Richard
Aldryngtone, a canon of Exeter, for the vacancy. Sir Richard was instituted on
14th June in the person of his proctor, Sir John Matheu, rector of
Alphington.[44]
Around June 1421,
Master Thomas Hendeman, Archdeacon of Exeter (and prebendary of Hayes in Exeter
Castle), commissioned an examination into the patronage of the Cutton
prebendary. The commission found that Hugh Courtenay, Earl of Devon, presented
Master Richard Aldryngtone, canon of Exeter Cathedral, to the prebend so as to
fill a vacancy. Earlier Edward Courtenay, Earl of Devon, nominated Master Richard
Dunscombe to be prebendary of Cutton to fill a vacancy cause by the death of
the previous prebendary.[45]
Sometime between 1421
and 1438 Sir Robert Felton was appointed prebendary of Cutton. The institution
of Felton does not seem to have been recorded. In 1438 Felton died and Sir
Thomas de Courtenay, Earl of Devon appointed Sir Richard Beauchamp, chaplain,
to the vacant position. Beauchamp was instituted on 25th August 1438
in the person of his proctor, Richard Billion, clerk.[46]
In 1441 Master Richard
Beauchamp resigned the prebendary. Sir Thomas de Courtenay, Earl of Devon,
replaced him with Master Thomas Bekynton, Doctor of Laws. Bekynton was
instituted at Chudleigh in the person of his proctor Thomas Wellywrough.[47]
Thomas Bekynton was born in the village of Beckington, three miles from Frome
in Somerset, the son of a weaver. He first attended Winchester College before
completing his education at Oxford University. Thomas Bekynton began his career
as Dean of the Arches and an official at the court in Canterbury. From 1423 he
held a number of rector positions and became archdeacon of Buckingham in 1424.
In the1430s Master Thomas Bekynton was negotiating peace with the French and by
1438 was the king’s secretary. In 1443 Master Thomas Bekynton was raised to
Keeper of the Privy Seal. Shortly after Master Thomas Bekynton was made Bishop
of Bath and Wells and held his first mass in the new church of Eton which was
so new it still had no roof. This church would form the core of the famous Eton
College, then under construction. Bishop Bekynton died in January 1465.[48]
The career of Master
Thomas Bekynton from weaver’s son to bishop of once of the wealthiest dioceses
in the country shows how the medieval church offered great career prospects that
the secular life could not offer the poorer classes. After the resignation of Cutton
by Master Thomas Bekynton, Master John de la Bere was appointed by Sir Thomas
de Courtenay, Earl of Devon. John de la Bere was instituted at Chudleigh on 31st
October 1443 in the person of Sir Simon Chuddeleigh, chaplain, his proctor.[49]
With all these
important clerics and minor members of the Courtenay family holding the various
prebends belonging to the chapel of Exeter Castle one wonders if the garrison
of the castle saw more mass times than religious ceremonies. In other types of
prebends, like those attached to a cathedral church, the prebendaries were
supposed to hire a vicar to administer to the spiritual needs of the
parishioner, in this case the castle garrison. So far I have uncovered no
letter to say the garrison were wanting in matters spiritual and so some religious
provision must have been provided by the prebendaries who were the ministers of
the collegiate chapel.
In 1448 Master John de
la Bere resigned the prebendary of Cutton and Sir Geoffrey Motte, chaplain was
appointed by Sir Thomas de Courtenay, Earl of Devon. Like in many other such
appointments Sir Geoffrey Motte was instituted to the prebend in the person of
his proctor, Master Thomas Bank who also took the oath of canonical obedience.[50]
In 1450 Sir Geoffrey
Motte resigned Cutton prebend and Master Walter Copeland was appointed and
instituted on 25th April 1450.[51]
After a gap in the records we next encounter Cutton in the Tudor period. In July 1510 King Henry
VIII gave the next presentation of Cutton to Richard, Bishop of Winchester. In
1512 King Henry VIII granted the prebendary, chantries and chapels of Hayes,
Kenn and Cutton in the chapel of St. Mary in Exeter Castle to Katherine, widow
of William Courtenay, Earl of Devon.[52]
In 1547 the prebend of
Cutton was valued at £9 4 shillings 4 pence.[53] On
27th October 1565 Oliver Loveley was instituted as prebendary of
Cutton. He possibly held the prebendary until his death in December 1566 but
there is no certain information to confirm this.[54]
On 10th
March 1607 an Act of Parliament was passed making the manor and prebend of
Cutton into a maintenance benefice for a preaching minster who would teach in a
free grammar school.[55] It is now a sinecure, in the gift of Sir Thomas Dyke
Acland, Bart
Prebend
of Carswell (Ken)
The prebend of Carswell
was valued at 50 shillings in the 1291 papal taxation of Pope Nicholas IV.[56]
In 1422 the prebendary was worth 40 shillings.[57]
In around 1291 the
prebend of Carswell was held by Philip de Dughton, otherwise known as Philip de
Dutton.[58]
Lady Eleanor de Courtenay was patron of Carswell after the death of her
husband, Hugh de Courtenay in 1292.[59]
There are few notices
recording the people who held Carswell but it is recorded that Sir John Aleyne
held the prebendary before November 1370 when John Southdone was instituted as
his replacement. It is not clear if this was the same John Southdone, rector of
Farway in 1346.[60]
Prebend
of Ashclyst
The prebend of Ashclyst
was located in the parish of Broad Clyst, north-east of Exeter. Ashclyst
remained the fourth prebend of the Exeter castle chapel until 1291-2. The
former prebend of Ashclyst is identified today with Ashclyst Forest, just north
of Broad Clyst village.
In February 1261 Master
Thomas de Wimundesham resigned the prebend of Ashclyst for that of Hayes. He
was replaced by William de Stanfere. Sir John de Courtenay of Okehampton was
patron of Ashclyst in 1261.[61]
Sometime before
February 1285 Sir William de Wyreplesdone was prebendary of Ashclyst as well as
being a canon in Exeter Cathedral.[62]
In the papal taxation
of Pope Nicholas IV (1291) the prebend was worth £2 13 shillings 4 pence and was
held by the abbot and convent of Torre.[63]
Torre Abbey was well known for its hospitality and became heavily burdened.
Bishop Peter Qivil of Exeter (1280-1291) noted that the prebend of Ashclyst,
which was under the patronage of Torre, was vacant and to help the finances of
the abbey, Bishop Qivil gave Ashclyst (February 1285) for their own use with
all rights and appurtenances.[64]
No further information
on the later history of Ashclyst is known to this writer and so we await some
future discoveries to advance the story.
The road from Ashclyst Forest towards Broad Clyst village
Conclusion
Thus we come to the
conclusion of this exploration of the chapel and prebends of Exeter Castle. In
future articles we may explore the chapels in other castles.
==========
End of post
==========
[1]
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[3]
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[5]
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I query your spellings of BroadClist & that Ashclist for both of them the 'i' needs to be a y ?
ReplyDeleteTo elucidate further: the word 'cyst' comes from the Celtic word cyst meaning 'clear stream'.
ReplyDeleteIt is important that the grammatical connection is maintained & not neglected.
Thank you A Heron's View for the observations. Much appreciated. I made the changes and hopefully got all the names.
ReplyDelete