Conditions of medieval apprenticeship in Bridgwater

Conditions of medieval apprenticeship in Bridgwater

Niall C.E.J. O’Brien

On 11^th November 1424 Michael, son of John Laleye of Ireland made an indenture of apprenticeship with John Davy, tanner, of Bridgwater and his wife Joan Davy. I have written before about apprenticeships, on this blog and with articles in published historical journals. In most cases the information on these apprentices comes from edited manuscripts where the essential information about the apprenticeship is given, such as, name of the apprentice; name, occupation and address of the apprentice’s father; name and occupation of the master and the name of his wife; the term of the apprenticeship in years (7 years is the usual basic term); the end of term payment and possibly the fee for gaining freedom of the borough. Sometimes an indenture will also say that the apprentice was to have “one tool of every kind for the said craft”.[1]

West Quay at Bridgwater - highest point of navigation on the River Parrett

It was with delight, therefore, that I recently came across the fully transcribed indenture giving the conditions of the apprenticeship between Michael Laleye and John Davy. These conditions are outlined below.  

1.      The first condition of the apprenticeship was that Michael Laleye agreed to “put himself servant and apprentice to the aforesaid John and Joan [Davy] according to the use and custom of the city of London”.[2]

2.      The second condition was that for the full term of the apprenticeship (10 years) Michael Laleye would keep for the “master and mistress in all things well and faithfully shall serve, their secrets and counsel shall keep, [and] their lawful and honest commandments everywhere gladly do”.[3] The modern phrase of “industrial espionage” is clearly an ancient activity and John Davy desired to protect his business from competitors.

3.      The apprentice then agreed that “From his service by day and night he shall not unlawfully absent himself”.

4.      This was followed by further conditions that the apprentice “shall do them no damage or dishonour, nor see it done of other but that so his power shall hinder, or forthwith give warning thereof to his master and mistress”.

5.      The apprentice “shall not waste their goods, nor lend them to any one without their leave or special mandate”.[4] In 1648 Richard Hunt tried to use a similar condition to be quitted of his apprentice, Joseph Griffin, by falsely accusing him of stealing money.[5]

6.      The apprentice will with “all goods and chattels of his aforesaid master and mistress which are in his care to guard he shall give good and faithful account, whenever and as often as he may be suitably required to do”.

7.      “Matrimony with any woman within the aforesaid term without licence of his aforesaid master and mistress he shall not contract”.

8.      “Fornication or adultery within or without their premises with any domestic of theirs he [the apprentice] shall not commit”. If Michael Laleye did commit such crimes and was convicted he “shall double his whole service aforesaid in the service of the master and mistress aforesaid, or shall make them some reasonable amends according to the decision of trustworthy men such as the parties shall decide to choose between them”.[6]

     This condition could also apply to family members of the master, if John Davy had children in 1424. In his will made in 1461 John Davy mentioned two of his daughters, Joan and Katherine. There may have been other daughters who were deceased by 1461. There is no indication of the age of the two daughters but Katherine was married to Thomas Eyre. This would make Katherine Davy at least 20 years old yet there is no evidence that she was alive in 1424.[7]  

9.      If Michael Laleye quitted his apprenticeship before the end of term then he should will and agree “that the aforesaid master [John Davy] and mistress [Joan Davy] or their attorney in this behalf by virtue of the present indenture may seek him in whosesoever service he may be found and bring him back to his former service without contradiction made of the aforesaid apprentice or the same detainer of him”.[8]

     Although not stated as a condition of this indenture it is noted in other cities and towns that if a master died or if master and apprentice both agreed to a change then an apprentice could be “turned over” to another master of the same trade. Some commentators stated that an apprentice could be bought and sold to another master but the right of change was controlled by the trade guild or town council and if any money was transacted it would go to these governing bodies.[9]

10.  For all of these conditions the master, John Davy and his wife, Joan, were to “practice, teach and instruct” Michael Laleye “in the arts and goods they use, by the best means they can”.

11.  The master and mistress were to find the apprentice “meat and drink, clothing linen and woollen and all other things necessary for him as is suitable to be found for such apprentice during the term [10 years] aforesaid, paying the same apprentice moreover at the end of the above said term 6 shillings 8 pence [6s 8d] of lawful money of England”.

The indentured was witnessed by at least five people from Bridgwater.[10] After the indenture was made in 1424 Michael Laleye seems to disappear from the records. We presume that he served the full ten years of his apprenticeship and kept to the conditions outlined above. The nature of surviving documents is that only bad news gets into the press and survives. If Michael Laleye appears in no court proceedings at the borough court or elsewhere it is presumed that he was a good apprentice who behaved himself and obeyed all the rules. As his name does not appear in later records of the borough of Bridgwater it is likely that Michael Laleye returned to Ireland after the ten years.

Of course the master could also break the conditions of an apprenticeship. Later court documents record cases in this regard. One example from Wiltshire, in 1637, recounts that Edward Starkye was charged with abusing and beating his apprentice, John Dracott.[11] John Davy does not appear as that kind of master. Instead, after taking his first apprentice, Michael Laleye in 1424, John Davy went on to accept other apprentices in 1426, 1432, 1433 and 1437. The conditions of these apprenticeships were on the same terms as outlined above for Michael Laleye.[12] If John Davy was a bad master it is likely that he would not have been able to receive these other apprentices. 

John Davy went on from 1424 to have a successful business as a tanner and died in 1461 leaving his second wife, Matilda and the two daughters previously mentioned, Joan and Katherine.[13] And it all began with an indenture of apprenticeship in 1424.

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other articles on apprenticeships include:


Youghal apprentices at Bristol 1532-1565 = https://www.academia.edu/4116330/Bristol_apprentices_from_Youghal_1532-1565_in_Journal_of_the_Cork_Historical_and_Archaeological_Society_Vol._115_2010_


Wexford apprentices at Bristol 1532-1565 = https://www.academia.edu/3852259/Wexford_apprentices_in_sixteenth-century_Bristol_in_Journal_of_the_Wexford_Historical_Society_No._23_2011-12


Dublin apprentices admitted to freedom 1468-1470 = http://celtic2realms-medievalnews.blogspot.ie/2014/04/dublin-apprentices-admitted-to-freedom.html

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[1] Elizabeth Ralph & Nora M. Hardwick (eds.), Calendar of the Bristol Apprenticeship Book 1532-1565, part II, 1542-1552 (Bristol Record Society, vol. 33, 1980), no. 1391

[2] Thomas Bruce Dilks (ed.), Bridgwater Borough Archives 1400-1445 (Somerset Record Society, Vol. 58, 1945), no. 616

[3] Thomas Bruce Dilks (ed.), Bridgwater Borough Archives 1400-1445, no. 616

[4] Thomas Bruce Dilks (ed.), Bridgwater Borough Archives 1400-1445, no. 616

[5] J.S. Cockburn (ed.),  Western Circuit Assize Orders 1629-1648, a calendar (Royal Historical Society, London, 1976), no. 1214

[6] Thomas Bruce Dilks (ed.), Bridgwater Borough Archives 1400-1445, no. 616

[7] Rev. F.W. Weaver (ed.), Somerset Medieval Wills 1383-1500 (Somerset Record Society, Vol. 16, 1901), p. 195

[8] Thomas Bruce Dilks (ed.), Bridgwater Borough Archives 1400-1445, no. 616

[9] D. Hollis (ed.), Calendar of the Bristol Apprenticeship Book 1532-1565, part 1, 1532-1542 (Bristol Record Society, vol. 14, 1948), p. 7

[10] Thomas Bruce Dilks (ed.), Bridgwater Borough Archives 1400-1445, p. 81

[11] J.S. Cockburn (ed.),  Western Circuit Assize Orders 1629-1648, a calendar, no. 501

[12] Thomas Bruce Dilks (ed.), Bridgwater Borough Archives 1400-1445, nos. 628, 655, 657, 673

[13] Rev. F.W. Weaver (ed.), Somerset Medieval Wills 1383-1500, pp. 194, 1955

Irish Parliament of 1269

Irish Parliament of 1269

Niall C.E.J. O’Brien

In the year 1269 there was held somewhere in Ireland a parliament for the better promotion of trade. Elsewhere around the country the business of life and security continued.

Ireland in 1269

In Connacht King Aedh O’Conor was causing great disturbances among the Anglo-Norman settlements. In punishment the government took back into their own ownership the cantred of Tirmany which only escalated Aedh’s attacks. In 1268 he was summoned to a conference at Athlone but instead of peace breakout, Aedh sent his armed men into the town, killing many.[1] In 1269 the new justiciar, Robert d’Ufford, began construction of Roscommon castle, in the heart of Aedh’s territory, to protect the settlements and control King Aedh. Richard de Exeter, deputy of the justiciar, was paid £90 for the defence of Roscommon castle in the years 1269-1270.[2] King Aedh clearly saw the castle as a threat to his own power and sought to destroy it before it was fully completed. In 1270, 1271 and 1272 he attacked, captured and destroyed the castle but the English rebuilt it every time. Peace only came with the death of King Aedh in 1274 when the Irish devoted their energies to fighting among their own.[3]   

Other events that happen in 1269 include the granting of the king’s licence to Thomas de Clare to travel to Ireland in April. In September the king appointed Brother Walter Omychain of the Franciscan order as Bishop of Ross.[4] When King Henry III granted the lordship of Ireland to his eldest son, Prince Edward in 1254, the king reserved for his own use the temporalities of vacant Irish bishoprics and monastic houses along with the appointment of new incumbents.[5] The Earl of Ulster felt that his area of influence was outside this royal reservation. In December 1269 King Henry wrote to Walter de Burgh, Earl of Ulster, that Ulster was not outside the royal area of reservation and the earl was to restore all church property to their respected owners.[6]

Elsewhere in March 1269 the Archbishop of Dublin and the Prior of Hospital of Jerusalem in Ireland settled a long running dispute of the right to the church of Stachfythenane. Both sides cancelled each other’s debts and the prior promised to defend the archbishop in any challenge for Stachfythenane made by Bonefacius de Coronato.[7] In June 1269 the dean and chapter of Cashel grant a wood called Dyreyncled to Thomas son of David for a yearly rent of four pounds of wax or 2 shillings on the feast of St. Patrick.[8] In November 1269, before the justice in eyre at the court of Lord Edward, son of Henry III, John and Matilda Boschere released all claims on 15 acres of land at Balirothegane to the Archbishop of Dublin in return for 100 shillings.[9] In December 1269 a jury of inquisition met in Kilkenny to examine a dispute between the Bishop of Ossory and the heirs of William Marshal. The jury found that the Bishop of Ossory had a just claim to the market at Kilkenny and to an ounce of gold for land given to William Marshal long the banks of the River Nore.[10]

1269 Parliament

The parliament of 1269 met in the Michaelmas term (30^th September to 14^th January) of that year at an unknown location.[11] In attendance were the justiciar, Robert d’Ufford and members of the king’s council, all the magnates and the whole community.[12] What is exactly meant by “the whole community” is unclear. The later parliament in 1297 is considered the first to have representatives of the people, i.e. the middle class people of property. Richardson and Sayles remarked that this “whole community” may simply be representatives who were not magnates, although it was also the case that the magnates sometimes claimed to speak for the “whole community”.[13]

The entire business transacted at the 1269 parliament is unknown. The chief business transacted, according to the surviving evidence, was the adoption of the Statue of weights and measures. The text of this statute declared that:

 

Provided and statute is of the council of Lord Robert d’Ufford, Justiciar of Ireland, and others faithful to Lord Edward who are of his council and of the agreement of all the magnates and the total community of Ireland that one and the same measure each beget having one and same gallon, one and same weight, one and same elbow of length are of future set down for all of Ireland which are usual in the city of London.[14]

Previous efforts to standardise weights and measures

This legislation was not the first effort to standardise weights and measures. In 1217 Henry III declared that there should be one measure of wine, corn and ale throughout the kingdom and that there should be uniformity in the length of cloth.[15] This declaration seemed to have only partial effect. In 1244 Henry III had to issue a new proclamation via the justiciar of Ireland that all “weights and measures should be equal in counties and vills in Ireland”. The standard for this uniformity was the weights and measures used in Dublin, “if they be such as can be followed”.[16]

Proclamation of weights and measures by Ford Madox Brown from 1st-art-gallery.com

The last proviso was of importance as even within Dublin there was not uniformity in the weights and measure used. In 1253 it was reported the standards still varied around the country and particularly within Dublin. The justiciar of the time, John Fitz Geoffrey, was instructed to proclaim a uniform measure throughout Ireland but with little success.[17] The parliament of 1269, by setting London as the standard for weights and measures, hoped to get over the differences in Dublin. Carlow castle had previously purchased a gallon measure in Dublin to use as a recognised standard measure. It is not known if this gallon measure was laid aside and a new one purchased from London.[18]

Weights and measures after 1269

It would seem that the London standard was not universally adopted in Ireland. In 1276 it was found that the sacks of wool used in Ireland were larger than in England yet having equal monetary value. The Irish wool sacks were charged 10 shillings in tax while the English sacks carried a tax of half a mark (6 shillings 8 pence). After complaint by some Irish merchants the king instructed Robert d’Ufford to charge the Irish sacks the same tax as the English sacks.[19] In this incidence there appears to have been no effort made to standardise the sacks sizes between Ireland and England. 

The chief officer of each town, be it mayor, sovereign or portreeve, and the sheriff of each county was to ensure that standard weights and measures were implemented. The royal government appointed a national overseer of weights and measures to keep check on the local officials. In 1277 Elias de Wynton was sent from England to inspect the weights throughout Ireland. In February 1392 John Aldelyme senior was appointed keeper of the weights and measures of Ireland for life along with other jobs.[20]

Weights and measures and the scales of justice

But not every overseer of the weights and measures had the king’s interest and the promotion of sound trade at heart. In the 1290s Edmund Biroun was keeper of weights and measures for the King in Ireland. As part of his job he went to the chief market towns to check the measures. While at some towns the locals gave Edmund many gifts not to charge them unjustly, and so Edmund falsely changed or diminished the legal measures, and amerced others who were not culpable or convicted. Edmund Biroun was summoned to appear at the justiciar’s court but fled the country. Later when the justiciar was returning from visiting the king in England he found and arrested Edmund Biroun in Wales. Edmund was brought back to Ireland but escaped from Dublin Castle before his trial date. In 1300 the sheriffs were commanded to demand him in their county courts until Edmund Biroun was outlawed or taken.[21] It is not clear if Edmund was ever brought to justice.

The success of the 1269 parliament in effecting standard weights and measures was varied. But the problems of standardization were by no means confined to Ireland. In 1390 thirty three offenders were found in the city of Exeter alone, using false measures.[22] In France regional variations in the weights and measures used continued until the French Revolution.

Next Irish parliament

The parliament of 1269 was followed by seven years of normal activity before the next parliament met in 1276. This gathering will form the subject of a future article.

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[1] James Lydon, ‘A land at war’, in A new History of Ireland, Vol. 2, Medieval Ireland 1169-1534, edited by Art Cosgrove (Oxford University Press, 2008), p. 249

[2] Philomena Connolly, Irish Exchequer Payments 1270-1446 (Irish Manuscripts Commission, Dublin, 1998), p. 3

[3] Margaret Murphy & Kieran O’Conor, Roscommon Castle: A Visitor’s Guide (Roscommon County Council, 2008), p. 8

[4] H.S. Sweetman (ed.), Calendar of Documents relating to Ireland (5 vols. Kraus reprint, 1974), Vol. 2 (1252-1284), nos. 855, 857

[5] H.S. Richardson & G.O. Sayles, ‘The administration of Ireland: introduction (reprint)’, in Analecta Hibernica, No. 29 (1980), p. 46

[6] H.S. Sweetman (ed.), Calendar of Documents relating to Ireland, Vol. 2 (1252-1284), no. 860

[7] Charles McNeill (ed.), Calendar of Archbishop Alen’s Register c.1172-1534 (Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland, Dublin, 1950), pp. 131-132

[8] Edmund Curtis (ed.), Calendar of Ormond Deeds (5 vols. Stationery Office, Dublin, 1932), Vol. 1 (1172-1350), no. 148

[9] Charles McNeill (ed.), Calendar of Archbishop Alen’s Register, p. 133

[10] H.S. Sweetman (ed.), Calendar of Documents relating to Ireland, Vol. 2 (1252-1284), no. 861

[11] Aubrey Gwynn, ‘The Irish Parliament in the Middle Ages’, in Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review, Vol. 12, No. 166 (1953), p. 215

[12] H.G. Richardson & G.O. Sayles, ‘The Irish Parliaments of Edward I’, in Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, Section C, Vol. 38 (1928-1929), p. 130

[13] Richardson & Sayles, ‘The Irish Parliaments of Edward I’, in P.R.I.A., Section C, Vol. 38, p. 132

[14] Charles McNeill, ‘Harris Collectanea de Rebus Hibernicus’, in Analecta Hibernica, No. 6 (1934), p. 300; H.F. Berry (ed.), Statutes and ordinances and acts of the parliaments of Ireland: King John to Henry V (Irish Record Office Series of Early Statutes, Dublin, 1907), p. 36

[15] Karina Holton, ‘From charters to carters: aspects of fairs and markets in medieval Leinster’, in Irish Fairs and Markets: Studies in Local History, edited by Denis A. Cronin, Jim Gilligan & Karina Holton (Four Courts Press, Dublin, 2001), p. 38

[16] H.S. Sweetman (ed.), Calendar of Documents relating to Ireland, Vol. 1 (1171-1251), no. 2713

[17] H.S. Sweetman (ed.), Calendar of Documents relating to Ireland, Vol. 2 (1252-1284), no. 222

[18] Karina Holton, ‘From charters to carters: aspects of fairs and markets in medieval Leinster’, in Irish Fairs and Markets: Studies in Local History, edited by Denis A. Cronin, Jim Gilligan & Karina Holton, p. 38

[19] H.S. Sweetman (ed.), Calendar of Documents relating to Ireland, Vol. 2 (1252-1284), no. 1305

[20] Paul Dryburgh & Brendan Smith (eds.), Handbook and Select Calendar of Sources for Medieval Ireland in the National Archives of the Unite Kingdom (Four Courts Press, Dublin, 2005), p. 161

[21] James Mills (ed.), Calendar of the Justiciary Rolls of Ireland XXIII to XXXI Edward I (Stationery Office, Dublin, 1905), p. 316

[22] Maryanne Kowaleski, Local Markets and Regional Trade in Medieval Exeter (Cambridge University Press, 1995), p. 189

Medieval Record Sources in Printed Books and Articles

Medieval Record Sources in Printed Books & Articles

Compiled by Niall C.E.J. O’Brien

     As part of the Maynooth Research Guides for Irish Local History series of publications, Dr. Philomena Connolly produced a book called Medieval Record Sources (number 4 in the Maynooth series) in 2002. The publication was very fortuitous as Dr. Connolly died in June of 2002.

     An abbreviated version of the introduction said = “The introduction of English institutions to Ireland after the arrival of the Normans, and the close administrative ties that existed between the two countries during the rest of the middle ages resulted in a wealth of archival sources on both sides of the Irish Sea. This book serves as a practical introduction to these sources, in both manuscript and printed form, from the 12^th to the 15^th centuries. The institutions, central and local, which produced the records, are described and the records placed in their administrative context. Advice is given on the scope and limitations of the surviving sources, and special attention is paid to the existence of substitutes for the records destroyed in 1922 in the Four Courts fire. In addition to the records of central and local government, ecclesiastical records in Ireland and abroad are dealt with, as are the private records of major Anglo-Irish families. Information is provided on the existence of guides, lists and indexes which facilitate access to unpublished material in various record repositories”.

   

     In the footnotes on nearly every page Philomena Connolly gave the name and publication details of books and articles where printed manuscripts can be found. This article makes a list of those books and articles as a further aid to research in medieval Irish history. Dr. Connolly left out of her book references to the Annals and other printed manuscripts from the Irish side of Ireland and so these important sources are not listed here.

     Since 2002 other books and articles have been published containing printed manuscripts (in full or abstract form) such as Paul Dryburgh & Brendan Smith (eds.), Handbook and Select Calendar of Sources for Medieval Ireland in the National Archives of the United Kingdom (Four Courts Press, Dublin, 2005); Brendan Smith (ed.), The Register of Nicholas Fleming, archbishop of Armagh, 1404-1416 (Irish Manuscripts Commission, Dublin, 2003); and Peter Crooks (ed.), ‘The background to the arrest of the fifth Earl of Kildare and Sir Christopher Preston in 1418: a missing membrane’, in Analecta Hibernica, No. 40 (2007). Another source of medieval documents pertaining to Ireland to increase in popularity since 2002 is the various internet sites which have come online. The C.I.R.C.L.E. project on www.chancery.tcd.ie comes to mind among others. This site has reconstructed over 20,000 documents once produced by the medieval Irish chancery office and destroyed in their original form in 1922 or before that date.

     Dr. Philiomena Connolly was an archivist at the National Archives, Dublin and a leading authority on medieval manuscripts. She edited many medieval manuscripts in books and articles. I hope someday to produce a book of essays in her memory. 

Front cover of Medieval Record Sources by Philiomena Connolly

THE BOOKS

Anon, Chartae, privilegia et immunitates (Dublin, 1829-30)

Anon, Rotuli parliamentorum (7 vols. London, 1783)

M. Archdall, Monasticon Hibericum (London, 1786)

T. Astle & J. Caley, Calendarium Rotulorum patentium (London, 1802)

J.C. Atkinson, The coucher book of Furness abbey (2 vols. Chetham Society, 1886-1919)

G. Beachcroft and A. Sabin, Two compotus rolls of St Augustine’s abbey, Bristol (Bristol Record Society, 1938)

H.F. Berry, Register of wills and inventories of the diocese of Dublin… 1457-1483 (R.S.A.I. 1898)

H.F. Berry, Statutes and ordinances and acts of the parliament of Ireland, king John to Henry V (Dublin, 1907)

H.F. Berry, Statute rolls of the parliament of Ireland, reign of Henry the sixth (Dublin, 1910)

H.F. Berry, (ed.), Statute rolls of the parliament of Ireland, first to the twelfth years of the reign of King Edward the fourth (Dublin, 1914)

J.S. Brewer and W. Bullen, Calendar of the Carew manuscripts preserved in the archiepiscopal library at Lambeth (6 vols. London)

Eric St John Brooks, Register of the hospital of St John the Baptist without the new gate of Dublin (Dublin, 1936)

Eric St John Brooks, Knights’ fees in Counties Wexford, Carlow and Kilkenny (Dublin, 1950)

Eric St John Brooks, The Irish cartularies of Llanthony Prima and Secunda (Dublin, 1953)

R. Butler, Registrum prioratus omnium sanctorum juxta Dublin (Irish Archaeological Society, 1845)

Calendar of ancient deeds and muniments preserved in the Pembroke estate office, Dublin (privately printed, 1891)

Calendar of charter rolls … 1226-[1516] (6 vols. P.R.O. London, 1903-27)

Calendar of entries in the papal registers relating to Great Britain and Ireland (15 vols. HMSO)

Calendar of entries in the papal registers relating to Great Britain and Ireland (6 vols. Irish Manuscripts Commission)

Calendar of entries in the papal registers relating to Great Britain and Ireland, petitions (HMSO), vol. 1

Calendar of inquisitions miscellaneous, 1219-[1422] (7 vols. P.R.O. London, 1916-69)

Calendar of inquisitions post mortem, Henry III-[15 Richard II] (16 vols. P.R.O. London, 1904-74)

Calendar of the close rolls.. 1272-[1509] (47 vols. P.R.O. London, 1892-1963)

Calendar of the fine rolls… 1272-[1509] (22 vols. P.R.O. London, 1911-62)

Calendar of the liberate rolls… 1226-[1272] (6 vols. P.R.O. London, 1916-64)

Calendar of the patent rolls… 1232-[1509] (53 vols. P.R.O. London, 1891-1971)

William Carrigan, The history and antiquities of the diocese of Ossory (4 vols. Dublin, 1905)

Richard Caulfield, Rotulus Pipae Clonensis (Cork, 1859)

D.A. Chart, The register of John Swayne, archbishop of Armagh and primate of Ireland, 1418-1439 (Belfast, 1935)

Chartae, privilegia et immunitates (Dublin, 1829-30)

Mary Clark & Raymond Refausse, Directory of historic Dublin (Dublin, 1993)

M.V. Clark, Register of the priory of Tristernagh (Dublin, 1941)

Close rolls of the reign of Henry III … 1227-[1272] (14 vols. P.R.O. London, 1902-38)

Philomena Connolly, Irish exchequer payments, 1270-1446 (Dublin, 1998)

Philomena Connolly & Geoffrey Martin, The Dublin guild merchant roll, c. 1190-1265 (Dublin, 1992)

M.A. Costello, De annatis Hibernia (Dundalk, 1909)

J.C. Crosthwaite, The book of obits and martyrology of the cathedral of the Holy Trinity, Dublin (Dublin, 1844)

Edmund Curtis, Ormond deeds (6 vols. Dublin)

Reports of the deputy keeper of the public records of Ireland, number 36 (1904)

Reports of the deputy keeper of the public records of Ireland, number 26

Reports of the deputy keeper of the public records of Ireland, number 35 (1903)

Reports of the deputy keeper of the public records of Ireland, number 36 (1904)

Reports of the deputy keeper of the public records of Ireland, number 37 (1905)

Reports of the deputy keeper of the public records of Ireland, number 38 (1906)

Reports of the deputy keeper of the public records of Ireland, number 39 (1907)

Reports of the deputy keeper of the public records of Ireland, number 42 (1911)

Reports of the deputy keeper of the public records of Ireland, number 43 (1912)

Reports of the deputy keeper of the public records of Ireland, number 44 (1912)

Reports of the deputy keeper of the public records of Ireland, number 45 (1913)

Reports of the deputy keeper of the public records of Ireland, number 47 (1915)

Reports of the deputy keeper of the public records of Ireland, number 53 (1926)

Reports of the deputy keeper of the public records of Ireland, number 54 (1927)

Reports of the deputy keeper of the public records of Ireland, number 55 (1928)

J.T. Gilbert, Calendar of ancient records of Dublin (19 vols. Dublin, 1889-1944)

J.T. Gilbert, Chartularies of St Mary’s abbey, Dublin (2 vols. London Rolls Series, 1884)

J.T. Gilbert, Crede mihi; the most ancient register book of the archbishop of Dublin before the reformation (Dublin, 1897)

J.T. Gilbert, Facsimiles of the national manuscripts of Ireland (4 vols. Dublin, 1874-1878)

J.T. Gilbert, Historic and municipal documents of Ireland (London, Rolls Series, 1870)

J.T. Gilbert, Register of the abbey of St Thomas, Dublin (London, Rolls Series, 1889)

J.T. Gilbert, A history of the city of Dublin (3 vols. Dublin, 1854-9)

J.T. Gilbert, Viceroys of Ireland (Dublin)

James Graves, A roll of the proceedings of the king’s council in Ireland, 1392-3 (London, Rolls Series, 1877)

Margaret Griffith, Calendar of justiciary rolls, 1308-14 (Dublin, 1956), volume 3

James Hardiman, The history of the town and county of Galway (Dublin, 1820)

T.D. Hardy, Rotuli chartarum … [1199-1216] (London, 1837)

T.D. Hardy, Rotuli litterarum clausorum... [1204-27] (2 vols. London, 1833-44)

T.D. Hardy, Rotuli litterarum patentium (London, 1835)

T.D. Hardy, Rotuli de liberate ac de misis et praestitis regnante Johanne (London, 1844)

R.J. Hayes, Sources for the history of Irish civilisation: articles in Irish periodicals (9 vols. Boston, Mass., 1970)

Historic Manuscripts Commission, report number 8, appendix 1

P.H. Hore, History of the town and county of Wexford (6 vols. London, 1900-11)

W. Hunt, Two chartularies of the priory of St Peter at Bath (Somerset Record Society, 1893)

Irish record Commission report 1811-1815

Irish record Commission report 1816-1820

Colm Lennon & James Murray, The Dublin city franchise roll (Dublin, 1998)

Lists and indexes, volume 11

Lists and indexes, volume 15

Lists and indexes, volume 35

James Lydon, (ed.), Law and disorder in thirteenth century Ireland (Dublin, 1997)

Paul MacCotter and K.W. Nicholls, The Pipe Roll of Cloyne (Cloyne Literary and Historical Society, 1996)

J. MacCaffrey, The Black Book of Limerick (Dublin, 1901)

Gearóid Mac Niocaill, Crown survey of lands, 1540-41 with the Kildare rental begun in 1518 (Dublin, 1994)

Gearóid Mac Niocaill, Na buirgeisi xii-xv aois (2 vols. Dublin, 1964)

Gearóid Mac Niocaill, The Red Book of the earls of Kildare (Dublin, 1964)

M.J. McEnery and Raymond Refausse, Christ Church deeds (Dublin, 2001)

Charles McNeill, Registrum de Kilmainham (Dublin, 1932)

Charles McNeill, Calendar of Archbishop Alen’s register, c. 1172-1534 (R.S.A.I. 1950)

Charles McNeill, Liber primus Kilkenniensis (Dublin, 1951)

Charles McNeill and A.J. Otway-Ruthven, Dowdall deeds (Dublin, 1960)

James Mills, Calendar of justiciary rolls, 1295-1303 (Dublin, 1905), volume 1

James Mills, Calendar of justiciary rolls, 1305-07 (Dublin, 1914), volume 2

James Mills, Account roll of the priory of Holy Trinity, Dublin, 1337-46 (Dublin, 1891; new edition, Dublin, 1996)

James Mills and M.J. McEnery, Calendar of the Gormanston register (Dublin, 1916)

J.F. Morrissey, (ed.), Statute rolls of the parliament of Ireland, twelfth and thirteenth to the twenty-first and twenty-second years of the reign of king Edward the fourth (Dublin, 1939)

A.J. Otway-Ruthven, Liber primus Kilkenniensis (Kilkenny, 1961)

Patent rolls of the reign of Henry III. 1216-[1232] (2 vols. P.R.O. London, 1901-3)

Public Record Office of Northern Ireland, report of Deputy Keeper, 1928

W.G.H. Quigley and E.F.D. Roberts, Registrum Johannis Mey; the register of John Mey, archbishop of Armagh, 1443-1456 (Belfast, 1972)

W. Reeves, Acts of Archbishop Colton in his metropolitan visitation of the diocese of Derry, 1397 (Irish Archaeological Society, 1850)

W. Reeves, Ecclesiastical antiquities of Down, Connor and Dromore (Dublin, 1847)

Raymond Refausse and Colm Lennon, The registers of Christ Church cathedral, Dublin (Dublin, 1998)

H.G Richardson & G.O. Sayles, Parliaments and councils of medieval Ireland, volume 1 (Dublin, 1947)

H.G. Richardson & G.O. Sayles, The administration of medieval Ireland, 1172-1377 (Dublin, 1963)

H.E. Salter, Cartulary of Oseney abbey (6 vols. Oxford His Society, 1929-36)

G.O. Sayles, Documents on the affairs of Ireland before the king’s council (Dublin, 1979)

M.P. Sheedy, Pontificia Hibernica: medieval papal chancery documents concerning Ireland, 640-1261 (2 vols. Dublin, 1962-5)

Brendan Smith, The register of Milo Sweeteman, archbishop of Armagh, 1361-80 (Dublin, 1996)

Mario Alberto Sughi, Registrum Octaviani alias Liber Niger: the register of Octavian de Palatio, archbishop of Armagh, 1478-1513 (2 vols. Dublin, 200)

H.S. Sweetman, Calendar of documents relating to Ireland, 1171-[1307] (5 vols. Public Record Office, London, 1875-86)

Edward Tresham, Rotulorum patentium et clausorum cancellariae Hiberniae calendarium (Dublin, 1828)

J.C. Walton, The royal charters of Waterford (Waterford, 1979) [1992 edition]

N.B. White, Extents of Irish monastic possessions, 1540-41 (Dublin, 1943)

N.B. White, Irish monastic and Episcopal deeds AD 1200-1600 (Dublin, 1936)

N.B. White, The Dignitus decani of St Patrick’s cathedral, Dublin (Dublin, 1957)

N.B. White, The Red Book of Ormond (Dublin, Stationery Office, 1932)

Herbert Wood, A guide to the records deposited in the Public Record Office of Ireland (Dublin, 1919)

Herbert Wood, The court book of the liberty of St Sepulchre (Dublin, 1930)

THE ARTICLES

Obligations pro annatis in Archivium Hibernicum = Dublin and Kildare, No. 2 (1913)

Killaloe and Limerick, No. 10 (1943); Lismore and Waterford, No. 12 (1946); Ossory and Ferns, No. 20 (1957); Ardfert and Clonfert, No. 21 (1958); Elphin, No. 22 (1959); Cloyne, No. 24 (1961); Tuam, No. 26 (1963); Cashel and Emly in 28 (1966); Cork and Ross, No. 29 (1970)

Anon, “chancery fills in P.R.O., England” in Analecta Hibernica, number 31 (1984)

Anon, “Irish justiciar courts 1308-1377” in Irish Jurist, number 28 (1983)

Anon, “exchequer files in P.R.O. London” in Analecta Hibernica, number 1 (1930)

Anon, “List of Irish material on the memoranda rolls of Edward II” in Analecta Hibernica, number 36 (1995)

Anon, “Lists of Ancient Petitions” in Analecta Hibernica, number 34 (1987)

Anon, “Lists of Chancery Warrants” in Analecta Hibernica, number 35 (1995)

Anon, “Missing pages of the register of St John the Baptist without the new gate of Dublin” in R.S.A.I. Journal. Number 92 (1962)

Anon, “Records of the wardship of Galway” in Analecta Hibernica, number 14 (1944)

H.F. Berry, “Ancient charters in the Liber Albus Ossoriensis” in R.I.A. Proceedings, number 27 (1908-09)

H.F. Berry, “Some ancient deeds of the parishes of St Catherine and St James, Dublin, 1296-1743” in R.I.A. Proceedings, number 35 (1918-20)

H.F. Berry, “Some ancient deeds of the parishes of St Werburgh, Dublin, 1243-1676” in R.I.A. Proceedings, number 35 (1918-20)

William Betham, “On the account of Thomas de Chaddisworth, custodee of the temporalities of the archbishop of Dublin from 1221 to 1256 [recte 1271 to 1276] from the great roll of the pipe” in R.I.A. Proceedings, number 5 (1850-53)

Martin J. Blake, “Knockmoy abbey, otherwise called the monastery of the Hill of Victory” in Galway Arch Society Journal, number 1 (1900)

Martin J. Blake, “Ballintubber abbey, Co. Mayo: notes on its history” in Galway Arch Society Journal, number 3 (1904)

Martin J. Blake, “An old rental of Cong abbey” in R.S.A.I. Journal. Number 35 (1905)

Martin J. Blake, “The obituary book of the Franciscan monastery at Galway” in Galway Arch Society Journal, number 6 (1910)

E. Bolster, “A landgable roll of Cork city” in Collective Hibernica, volume 13 (1970)

Eric St John Brooks, “Unpublished charters relating to Ireland from the archives of the city of Exeter” in R.I.A. Proceedings, number 43 (1936)

Eric St John Brooks, “Irish possessions of St Thomas of Acre” in R.I.A. Proceedings, number 58 (1956)

Eric St John Brooks, “The sources for medieval Anglo-Irish history”; and Aubrey Gwynn, “Bibliographical note on medieval Anglo-Irish history” in Historical Studies, number 1 (1958)

C. Burns, “Papal letters of Clement VII (1378-94) relating to Ireland and England” in collective Hibernica, number 24 (1982)

C.M. Butler & J.H. Bernard, “The charters of the Cistercian abbey of Duiske” in R.I.A. Proceedings, number 35 (1918)

A. Coleman, “Registrum monasterii fratrum predicatorum de Athenry” in Archivium Hibernica, number 1 (1912)

Philomena Connolly, “The Irish memoranda rolls: some unexplored aspects” in Irish Economic and Social History, number 3 (1970)

Edmund Curtis, “Sheriff’s account of the honour of Dungarvan, of Tweskard in Ulster and of Co. Waterford, 1261-3” in Royal Irish Academy proceedings, number 39 (1929-30)

Edmund Curtis, “Sheriff’s account for Co. Tipperary, 1275-6” in R.I.A. Proceedings, number 42 (1934-5)

Edmund Curtis, “Feudal charters of the de Burgo lordship of Connacht, 1227-1325” in Feil-sgribhinn Eoin Mhic Neill (1940)

Oliver Davis & D.B. Quinn, “the Irish pipe roll of 14 John, 1211-12” in Ulster Journal of Archaeology 3^rd series, number 4, supplement, 1941

Brian C. Donovan and David Edwards, “British sources for Irish history before 1485” in Analecta Hibernica, number 37 (1998)

Elizabeth Dowse & Margaret Murphy, “Rotulmus clauses de anno 48 Edward III – a reconstruction” in Analecta Hibernica, number 35 (1992)

P.J. Dunning, “Letters of Pope Innocent III to Ireland; a calendar” in Archivium Hibernicum, number 23 (1947)

S.G. Ellis, “medieval plea rolls for 19 Edward IV (1479-80)” in Analecta Hibernica, number 31 (1984)

S.G. Ellis, “Parliaments and great councils, 1483-99: addenda and corrigenda” in Analecta Hibernica, number 29 (1980)

J.F. Ferguson, “Ancient exchequer accounts of Ulster” in U.J.A., volume 3 (1855)

Robin Frame, “Commissions of the peace in Ireland, 1302-1461” in Analecta Hibernica, number 35 (1992)

J.T. Gilbert, “Corporation records of Dublin and Kilkenny” in Historic Manuscripts Commission report, volume 1, appendix

J.T. Gilbert, “Corporation records of Waterford and Galway” in Historic Manuscripts Commission report, volume 10, appendix V

Aubrey Gwynn, “Some unpublished texts from the Black Book of Christ Church, Dublin” in Analecta Hibernica, number 16 (1946)

G.J. Hand, “Material used in “Calendar of documents relating to Ireland”, in Irish Historical Studies, volume 12 (1960), pp. 99 – 104

G.J. Hand, “The dating of the early fourteenth century ecclesiastical valuations of Ireland” in Irish Theological Quarterly, number 24 (1957)

M.J. Hearn, “Vatican archives as a historical source to c. 1530” in Archivium Hibernicum, number 39 (1984)

H.J. Lawlor, “A calendar of the register of Archbishop Fleming” in R.I.A. Proceedings, volume 30 (1912-13)

H.J. Lawlor, “Calendar of the Liber Ruber of the diocese of Ossory” in R.I.A. Proceedings, number 27 (1908-09)

H.J. Lawlor, “Fragments of the lost register of Clogher” in Louth Arch Society Journal, number 4 (1916-20)

H.J. Lawlor, “A calendar of the Liber Niger and Liber Albus of Christ Church cathedral, Dublin” in R.I.A. Proceedings, number 27 (1908)

J.F. Lydon, “A fifteenth-century building account from Dublin” in Irish Economic and Social History, number 9 (1982)

James F. Lydon, “Survey of the memoranda rolls of the Irish exchequer, 1294-1509” in Analecta Hibernica, number 23 (1966)

James Lydon, “The enrolled account of Alexander Bicknor” in Analecta Hibernica, number 30 (1982)

James Lydon, “The county of Uriel account, 1281-3” in Louth Archaeological Society Journal, number 19 (1977=80)

Gearóid Mac Niocaill, “missing page of the register of St John the Baptist without the new gate of Dublin” in Analecta Hibernica, number 8 (1938)

Gearóid Mac Niocaill, “Registrum cantariae Sancti Salvatoris Waterfordiensis” in Analecta Hibernica, number 23 (1966)

Charles McNeill, “The Gerrard papers at the Bodleian Library” in Analecta Hibernica, number 2 (1931)

Charles McNeill, “List of medieval contents in the Collectanea de rebus Hibernicis by Harris” in Analecta Hibernica, number 6 (1934)

James Mills, “Rental of the archbishopric estates of Dublin, 1382” in R.S.A.I. Journal, 4^th series, number 9 (1889)

Canice Mooney, “Letters of Pope Innocent IV relating to Ireland” in Collective Hibernica, number 2 (1959)

L.P. Murray and A. Gwynn, “Archbishop Cromer’s register” in Louth Arch. Society Journal, number 7 (1929-32)

L.P. Murray and A. Gwynn, “Archbishop Cromer’s register” in Louth Arch. Society Journal, number 8 (1933-36)

L.P. Murray and A. Gwynn, “Archbishop Cromer’s register” in Louth Arch. Society Journal, number 9 (1937-40)

L.P. Murray and A. Gwynn, “Archbishop Cromer’s register” in Louth Arch. Society Journal, number 10 (1941-44)

K.W. Nicholls, “The Episcopal rentals of Clonfert and Kilmacduagh” in Analecta Hibernica, number 26 (1970)

William O’Sullivan, “A finding list of Sir James Ware’s manuscripts” in R.I.A. Proceedings, number 97 (1997)

A.J. Otway-Ruthven, “Anglo-Irish shire government in the thirteenth century” in Irish Historical Studies, volume 5 (1946)

A.J. Otway-Ruthven, “The medieval Irish chancery” in Album Helen Maud Cam, volume 2 (Louvain, 1960)

P.B. Phair, “A Calendar of Betham extracts” in Analecta Hibernica, number 27 (1972)

D.B. Quinn, “The bills and statutes of the Irish parliaments of Henry VII and Henry VIII” in Analecta Hibernica, number 10 (1941)

J.L. Robinson, “On the ancient deeds of the parish of St John, Dublin” in R.I.A. Proceedings, number 33 (1916-17)

J.L. Robinson, “Churchwardens accounts, 1484-1600 for St Werburgh’s church, Dublin” in R.S.A.I. Journal, number 46 (1914)

“Seagrave deeds” in Analecta Hibernica, number 15 (1944)

J.C. Smyly, “Old deeds in the library of Trinity College” in Hermathena, number 66 (1945)

J.C. Smyly, “Old deeds in the library of Trinity College” in Hermathena, number 67 (1946)

J.C. Smyly, “Old deeds in the library of Trinity College” in Hermathena, number 69 (1947)

J.C. Smyly, “Old deeds in the library of Trinity College” in Hermathena, number 71 (1948)

J.C. Smyly, “Old deeds in the library of Trinity College” in Hermathena, number 72 (1948)

J.C. Smyly, “Old deeds in the library of Trinity College” in Hermathena, number 74 (1949)

H. Wood, “The muniments of Edmund de Mortimer, third earl of March, concerning his liberty of Trim” in R.I.A. Proceedings, number 40 (1931-2)

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The end of the interim report

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