Thomas an Apa Fitz Maurice of
Desmond:
Survival, restoration and missed
opportunities
Niall C.E.J. O’Brien
Introduction
The Fitzgerald house of
Desmond has produced many notable persons. The first and last Earls of Desmond
seem to command the most published print. This is understandable considering
the impact both people had on their family and in their region. Recent studies
have moved outwards from these two giants to explore other members of the
family.
Towards the Battle of Callann
By the 1240s the expansion
westwards by the Normans and English had reached its apparently furthest limit.
Yet still some in the government wished to go onwards. In 1249 the justiciar
led a seaborne attack on the coast line of south-west Cork and south Kerry with Fingen McCarthy and
thirteen other Irish chiefs as the target. The attack weakened Fingen
McCarthy’s hold on his kingdom and he was subsequently murdered by his uncle Domhnall
(supported by the Dublin government) who took the throne. In 1252 Domhnall was
murdered by John Fitz Thomas Fitzgerald who was acting in support of his own
ambitions. Domhnall’s son Fingen became king and sought revenge.[1] It
is said that the royal charter which John Fitz Thomas got from Prince Edward to
have all the lands of Desmond instigated this warfare but London was far from
the local power play in south-west Munster.[2]
Fingen ravaged the Norman settlements of south Munster over the following few years. By
1261 the Dublin government was called in to help as the war that John Fitz
Thomas started went beyond his ability to control.[3]
Shanid Castle, Co. Limerick - original chief castle of the Munster Fitzgeralds
A royal service was declared and a loan was borrowed from some merchants which the barons of Desmond guaranteed. William de Dene was justiciar of Ireland at the time and was a cousin of John Fitz Thomas Fitzgerald. If anybody else was justiciar it is unlikely that any troops or money would have entered Desmond. It appears the army mustered at
Baby Thomas Fitz Maurice gets a
nickname
The story of how Thomas got
his nickname of “The Ape” – An Apa – is said to have come from shortly after
the battle of Callann. When news of the major defeat came and more the deaths
of the two Fitzgeralds, father and son, reached Tralee ,
the garrison there went into panic. People ran in all directions and none, with
no sense of what to do or where to go. The McCarthy forces would surely follow
up on their victory and seek to wipe out the Norman settlements of Kerry. Fingen
McCarthy did advance northwards but only as far as Killorglin which he
destroyed. From there he turned eastward towards Cork taking the castles of Macroom, Dunnamark
and Dunlo along the way.
Yet it was not this turn of direction which claimed the people of
The reliability of this story as a true account is in doubt chiefly because the Kildare Fitzgeralds also have an ape story. In this example the boy is John Fitz Thomas Fitzgerald who would later become first Earl of Kildare.[6] The coat of arms of the Kildare Fitzgeralds has an ape but the arms of the Desmond Fitzgeralds does not have any ape. This would suggest that the ape story was taken by the Desmonds from their Kildare cousins.
Yet the monkey legend is not to be totally dismissed. The use of nick names is something more to do with Irish than with the English. It would appear that as Thomas Fitz Maurice was growing up he mixed with the Irish people of Kerry or Limerick. Yet these people knew that it was the Irish who killed Thomas’s father and grandfather and they laughed at this fool playing with his enemies. The monkey was often associated with the court jester and the comedian. By this action Thomas got the nick name of the ape or monkey.
The later chroniclers of the Fitzgeralds didn't like this possible way that Thomas got his name and so they adopted the Kildare story. As both occurred about the same time it was easy for the
Life after the Battle
The loss of two generations of
Fitzgerald in north Kerry was compounded by bad weather in the following year.
The Annals of Clonmacnoise record
1262 as a year of great drought with a very hot summer.[7] Yet
the disparate situation soon settled itself. Fingen McCarthy was killed in a
raid on Kinsale and his successor Cormac McCarthy was defeated by a royal army
in 1262.[8] The
battle of Callann marked the end of English expansion into south Kerry. In
future years the River Maine would divide English north Kerry from Gaelic south
Kerry. No side was strong enough to dislodge the other and so it remained until
the seventeenth century.
The defeat was disastrous for the Desmond Fitzgeralds. The infant Thomas Fitz Maurice could not provide any much needed leadership and the Fitzgerald’s old ally Domhnall Ruadh McCarthy, now king of Desmond, took opportunity to attack the Fitzgerald lands until his death in 1302. Many of Fitzgerald’s southern property lost its value or disappeared. The half cantred of Dunlo fell from a value of £40 to £13 6s 8d by 1282. That of the half cantred of Corkely fell from 40 marks to 10 marks while the district of Ogenathy Donechud was worth nothing by 1282 as it lay “wholly in the power of the Irish.[9]
Yet the defeat at Callann and the loss of so many leaders did not signal the end of Norman north Kerry. Some fifty years later, in 1318 at a skirmish at Disert O’Dea the chief English lord of Thomond, Richard de Clare was killed. Richard left a minor as heir like with the Fitzgeralds. Three years later the minor died leaving his estates to two aunts. Although the escheator placed a garrison in
Bunratty Castle as later rebuilt by the O Brien Kings of Thomond
Why did north Kerry not fall apart like what happened in Thomond? At first the two places appear to be the same in terms of a battle leaving a minor as heir. But we see Kerry through the eyes of following centuries when the Fitzgeralds dominated the county which was created into a county palatine (1329) for their greater glory.[11] Kerry had other important people in the second half of the thirteenth century to hold the colony against the Gaelic revival in south Kerry. Thomas Fitz Robert, head of the family later to become known as Fitzmaurice, was not just an important local lord but during the 1260s he expanded his estates by acquisitions around Listowel. Further southwest, Maurice Fitz Maurice of the Kildare Fitzgeralds acquired by purchase from his cousin, Christiana de Marcis the area around Killorglin.[12] Maurice was justiciar of
The minority of Thomas Fitz
Maurice
In the accounting term of
Michaelmas 1276 to Michaelmas 1277 Geoffrey de Geneville received £299 19s 12d
for the marriage of Thomas Fitz Maurice.[14] It is not clear who made the payment for the marriage but the contract did not proceed to affect as Thomas Fitz Maurice did not get married for a few years after.
Instead of marriage Thomas Fitz Maurice had to try to keep his estates intact. In about 1279 Thomas Fitz Maurice was forced by the king or by pressure from those around him to surrender land and churches to the king. This property comprised of the cantred of Occassin, the half cantred of Oblyc (also called Drochedoblic, Co. Clare) with the advowsons of the churches and chapels within along with thirteen vills in the
In the days of his grandfather these Thomond lands were worth 270 marks per year but by 1270 generated nothing as they were controlled by the Irish.[16] To add further bad news to the situation a debt of 2,000 marks was owed by John Fitz Thomas (grandfather of Thomas) to the king for these three areas in Thomond. This debt was not written off by the transfer of ownership as the debt was still listed among those of John Fitz Thomas in 1283.[17] King Edward I lost little time in trying to get people presented to various churches in Occassin in December 1279 and February 1280.[18] As much of the property was situated deep into O’Brien territory it is unlikely that the agents of Thomas Fitz Maurice’s estate derived much in the way of income from there.
Consideration also has to be given to the on-going disturbances and war in Thomond (Co. Clare) since 1257. It began in that year when Tadhg O’Brien lost his patience with the English expansion of settlements and over-lordship in Thomond. In 1258 Tadhg’s father ravaged the Geraldine manors of north Thomond and
Thomas Fitz Maurice comes of age
Thomas Fitz Maurice came of
age in 1282 and his scattered inheritance was his own.[20]
Having waited all his life for this hour he lost no time in establishing his
authority. Up to the battle of Callann the Fitzgerald’s had increased their
small initial holdings with large grants from the king, purchases and
inheritances. Yet much of their property was scattered across Munster
and into Leinster and Connacht . Some of it was
substantial like the Decies area of Co. Waterford but you also had small
properties. There was little in the way of a strategic policy on land acquisition,
just simple expansion in any and all directions.
Thomas Fitz Maurice changed this uncoordinated policy. From 1282, and through many generations of future Fitzgeralds (created Earls of Desmond in 1329), consolidation and strategic acquisitions became the policy.[21] Thomas was not the only landlord to adopt such consolidation. The family of his future in laws (Berkeley) adopted such in about 1280. From that date the
Another English landlord who followed consolidation after he came of age and had Irish connections was John de Mohun of
Affairs of
His marriage to Margaret de
Berkeley
In the year 1284 Thomas Fitz
Maurice came to concentrate on marriage. In that year Thomas de Berkeley II
purchased the right of marriage to Fitz Maurice for his daughter Margaret.[25] The
fine to the king was 700 marks but because of Berkeley’s previous good service
to Edward I, he got a pardon to reduce this by 200 marks in December 1284.
Further allowance was made in January 1285 allowing Thomas to pay 100 marks per
year to the Exchequer until the 500 marks is fully paid.[26]
Margaret’s mother was Joan de Ferrers, a daughter of William de Ferrers, fifth Earl of Derby by his second wife Margaret, daughter of Roger de Quincy, second Earl of Winchester. The Earl of Derby’s first wife was Sibyl Marshal, heiress of lands in Kildare, with portions in Kilkenny and Wexford.[27] We saw above how the de Ferrers family was married to that of de Mohun by which Thomas Fitz Maurice was connected with a number of heirs to the Marshal lands in Leinster.
This connection by marriage with
In
Establishing his authority across
Munster
Towards the end of 1284 Thomas
Fitz Maurice toured County Waterford where he displayed his authority. It seems
that many were pleased with the new lord and he was entrusted with 113s 4d as
debts due by various people to the Dublin
exchequer.[29]
In the spring of 1285 Thomas Fitz Maurice was rumoured to be preparing to cross over to England. This action caused anxiety among certain people who had encroached upon the ancient rights of Thomas during his long minority. One of these people was Stephen, Bishop of Waterford. During the minority the custody of counties
Dungarvan Castle - chief castle of the Fitzgeralds in County Waterford in 1280s
Thomas Fitz Maurice remained in England for all of 1285. In January 1286 he got letters of attorney for one year for Nicolas de Waleys and William Ermy to continue to represent his interests in
Back in Ireland Thomas Fitz Maurice’s influence and authority was growing in some parts. In October 1285 he conveyed £50 of Limerick debts from John Fitz Thomas to the Dublin exchequer which was repeated on subsequent occasions. At the same time he began to pay some of the crown rents due for
It would appear that Thomas Fitz Maurice experienced difficulties in paying the Decies rent or collecting the money to pay same. We find £10 paid in October 1286 was followed a few days later by another payment of £50 while £40 was paid in April 1287. In October 1287 Thomas paid two instalments amounting to £60 while in April 1288 he paid over £77 in Decies rent. This was followed in October 1288 with a payment of over £88 in rent.[33]
In June 1286 Thomas Fitz Maurice was entrusted by some people of Kerry to pay their debts due to the Dublin exchequer.[34] Clearly he was regarded as a solid person and an important lord in Norman north Kerry.
Recovery and development of his
lands
Thomas Fitz Maurice was also
interested in the further development of his estates and getting government
licences to assist. On April 28, 1286 Thomas secured a murage grant for the
towns of Tralee, Mallow and Ard for the ensuring seven years. A long list of products
and services were included in the murage custom including fish, salt, onions,
and garlic, iron, cheese, butter, honey, cloth and cat skins. Trade with the
Irish was also allowed but at a price as each hundred of Irish cloth paid one
penny while other cloth only paid a half penny or less .[35]
In April 1286 Thomas Fitz Maurice began proceedings in England to recover the lands of Decies and Desmond (Counties Waterford and Cork). For this purpose he appointed Matthew de Snawedon and Thomas le Gurney as his attorneys.[36]
Sometime in 1286 Thomas Fitz Maurice returned to Ireland as the military situation there was getting the better of the English interest. Thomas wrote to the bishop of
In 1287 Thomas Fitz Maurice gave assurances that he would returned to England to further secure his lands and his marriage.[38]
In May 1290 Thomas Fitz Maurice was due to go to England to further his legal cases before the king’s court. But war in the
From later documents it would appear that Fitz Maurice was in no rush to return to Ireland as in May 1291 he got further legal protection in Ireland for another year while he stayed in England.[40] Two chief factors may be at cause in this extended stay; namely, that his English born wife wished to spend more of her time in England than out in the furthest reaches of the universe which Kerry was until people discovered America. Another reason was that Thomas Fitz Maurice still had not fully recovered all his ancient inheritance and judgement of the king was the best way of achieving recovery.
The protracted legal route of recovery may have had a strong influence upon Thomas’s son, Maurice Fitz Thomas who decided that military might and warfare in Ireland was a more sure way of recovery the family’s ancient lands. This show of military might was something that the Irish chieftains understood and appreciated.
This absence of the chief lord of
These concerns seem not to have overly disturbed Thomas Fitz Maurice in England. In June 1291 Thomas Fitz Maurice nominated John Tintaged and Philip Bifort as his Irish attorneys for the ensuing year. In August 1291 Thomas Fitz Maurice did change one of his Irish attorneys as Philip Bifort was replaced by William Fitz Robert.[42]
The ancient Waterford inheritance
Early in the Anglo-Norman
invasion of Ireland the
crown acquired much of the County
of Waterford
Sometime before October 1291 Thomas Fitz Maurice granted to King Edward a fifteenth charge upon his men and tenants within his liberty in Ireland. In turn King Edward declared on October 26, 1291 that this grant would in no way be converted into a precedent.[45]
On February 6, 1292 Thomas Fitz Maurice recovered his lawful lands in Decies and Desmond for himself and his wife Margaret. The annual rent which began as 250 marks and increased to 500 marks was reduced to 200 marks. The king reserved the episcopal and abbatial appointments while all the tenants of Decies and Desmond were to be in obedience to Thomas Fitz Maurice.[46]
Yet there was still the
possibility of successful legal claimants not to mention the re-conquests of
Irish chieftains which could reduce the family estate at some future time. On
February 25, 1292 Thomas Fitz Maurice indemnified the king against the other heirs
of Thomas Fitz Anthony who could lodge claims upon Decies and Desmond.[47] But
the descendants of Thomas Fitz Maurice kept the Decies against any counter
claims and descendants of the Fitzgerald family still hold onto the area around
Dromana House to this day. In July 2015 the family celebrate 800 years of a
connection with County Waterford.
.jpg)
Dromana House, present home of the descendants of Thomas Fitz Maurice
Killorglin and the courts
The long minority of Thomas Fitz Maurice had created a vacuum into which
others had entered by lawful and unlawful means. Towards the end of 1289 Thomas
Fitz Maurice tried to recover the manor of Killorglin from Emelina de
Longespee. But Emelina was too fast for Thomas Fitz Maurice and it was she who
began legal proceedings. The first court case was held in Limerick in January
1290 where Emelina de Longespee demanded the manor of Killorglin, except the
advowson of its church, from Thomas Fitz Maurice as her right that she received
from Christina de Mariscis. The latter had enfeoffed the manor to Maurice Fitz
Maurice and his wife Emelina and they had only allowed Thomas de Clare to have
entry into the manor. Thomas said the writ was defective and had the case
adjourned for a month.
Emelina de Longespee used her court influence between the two sittings to get a royal writ that the case should be heard in February regardless of the defective writ. At the February sitting Thomas Fitz Maurice produced a charter he got from Thomas de Clare through the latter’s son and heir Gilbert de Clare. This charter granted the manor and castle of Killorglin to Thomas Fitz Maurice and his heirs. Further lands were granted by de Clare to Thomas in the same charter included the cantreds of Moyconchyn and Orathath, the
The new year of 1294 saw little change with lawyers again arguing points of law, the legal bills rising and the end no way nearer. Easter of 1295 came and went as the road show dragged on into 1296 and went onwards again into 1297 with still no conclusion.[49]
On February 6, 1292 Thomas Fitz Maurice appointed Thomas de Swenhangre and John Attechurch as his English attorneys for the following three years. We are told that Thomas Fitz Maurice was at that time about to proceed back to Ireland.[50] The heavy legal bills in
Justiciar of Ireland
William D’Odingeseles had been
appointed justiciar on October 18, 1294 and was paid his salary from then until
April 19, 1295 but others would suggest that William had died previous to that
date.[53] The
two senior magnates of Ireland, Richard de Burgo, Earl of Ulster and John Fitz
Thomas Fitzgerald of Kildare, were in a state of war for a few years past.
Indeed Fitzgerald had imprisoned De Burgo at the former’s castle of Lea
Thomas Fitz Maurice was pressed to deal with the war in Leinster which erupted because of the infighting between the Anglo-Irish magnates. The war continued over the winter of 1294/5 and on into the late spring of 1295. Eventually Fitz Maurice got Maurice MacMurrough to come to the king’s peace. Hostages were given by the MacMurrough, O’Byrne and O’Toole to keep the peace. MacMurrough further pledged to make war on any member of his nation that broke the peace and made war on the English. They also pledge to give six hundred cows for depredations done by them.[55]
No account is given of what happened to the O’Connor Faly who had attacked de Vescy’s
The justiciar’s day was not totally filled with wars and rumours of war. Various court cases travelling through the justice system cross his desk. Sometime in 1295 John de Langton, chancellor of England, asked Fitz Maurice to be aiding and favourable to Christiana de Mariscis in her court case.[58]
The various wars and the wants of an administration coupled with the needs of trade and commerce had by the 1290s created a shortage of coined silver. The two Irish mints
On October 18, 1295 John Wogan of Picton in Pembrokeshire was appointed justiciar and remained in office until June 1308 and was again in office from May 1309 to August 1312. He made Ireland his home and his descendants were important people in north Kildare until they died out in co-heiress in the early eighteenth century.[60]
Thomas Fitz Maurice remained as acting justiciar until Wogan arrived in Ireland in December 1295. During those two months he completed an eyre in his own south-west, travelling through the counties of Tipperary, Limerick, Kerry and Cork.[61] One of the earliest acts of Wogan was to close the
After the justiciary
After leaving office Thomas Fitz Maurice returned to Munster to manage
and defend his property and care for his wife and children. His mother, Matilda
de Barry was still alive and had plenty to say to her pride and joy about life
and property.
If Ireland was allowed to develop at
this period towards the end of the thirteenth century it is said that the
increasingly rapid decline of the English sphere of influence in the fourteenth
century would not have been as dramatic. The many wars of King Edward I in Scotland , Wales
and France drew the surplus
resources out of Ireland
when there application within the country could have achieved marked results at
little effort. In January 1296 Thomas Fitz Maurice was summoned with other
Irish lords to appear with as strong a military force as possible at the port
of Whitehaven for an attack upon Scotland.[63] Two
years later at Michaelmas 1298 Thomas contributed £4 to the fifteenth tax
raised for the king.[64]
Death of Thomas; his wife and
children
Thomas Fitz Maurice died on
June 4, 1298 at Knockainy, Co. Limerick . He
was later buried at the Dominican friary at Tralee .[65]
This friary was founded by the grandfather of Thomas, John Fitz Thomas, in
1243. It was to here that John and his son Maurice were brought after the
battle of Callann in 1261.[66]
Font from the medieval Dominican Friary at Tralee
On June 26 King Edward
directed a series of instructions to Chancellor John de Langeton concerning the
widow, children and debts of Thomas Fitz Maurice. In the first incidence the
justiciar of Ireland
was to search the records and quickly establish that Margaret de Berkeley had
joint ownership of her late husband’s lands. She was then to have her dower
lands while the king would arrange a fit person to receive her homage.
The heir to the Fitzgerald
property, Thomas Fitz Thomas appears to have been in England at the time of his
father’s death as it is Thomas de Berkeley who is instructed to deliver the boy
into the hands of his mother. This instruction was renewed on July 9.[67]
At the time of Thomas Fitz
Maurice’s death he owed debts to Thomas de Berkeley and the latter was to have
first call on the assets of Thomas Fitz Maurice so as to recover the debts owed
to him.[68] Thomas
Fitz Maurice also had outstanding debts to the crown. In October 1289 John
Barrett, sheriff of Waterford , paid £20 in part
payment of these debts and in January 1299 John Barrett paid another £10 to the
Dublin
exchequer.[69]
In County Limerick, Matilda de
Barry (Thomas’s mother) and Nicholas le Deveneys, county sheriff, paid £10 and
£28 respectively out of the chattels of Thomas Fitz Maurice. Later Matilda paid
nearly £3 from more chattel sales. A further £24 was realised from County Limerick
while over £14 was raised by selling additional chattels in County Waterford
An inquisition in March 1300
found that Thomas’s widow, Margaret de Berkeley, held manors and tenements to
the value of £120. Yet she didn’t stay long as the wealthy widow. Sometime
before March 1300 she married Reginald Russell without the king’s permission.
King Edward often noted that she was his cousin but still fined her £500 for
this transgression.[72]
In her new married life
Margaret did not abandoned Ireland .
As a widow she got one third of the Fitzgerald property but that is no reason
for her to stay in Ireland .
She could easily have gone back to England and make arrangements for
her income to be sent over.
In around 1311 Margaret de
Berkeley was the subject of an attempted abduction. Stephen le Poer, a brother
of Eustace le Poer I, was involved in this attempted abduction with a group of
Irishmen. The same Stephen then called on Baron John le Poer to assemble a
military force to help ‘rescue’ Margaret. A short time before many of the
‘kidnappers’ were involved with the violent attack upon the manor of John le
Grant near Waterford
city.[73]
The abduction and rescue appears therefore to have been put on as a show of how
‘lovely’ some people of the extended le Poer family were.
King Edward lost little time
in using the vast Fitzgerald property to satisfy his friends and servants. In
July 1300 he instructed the justiciar, John Wogan to give custody of 100
librates of Fitzgerald land to Gerard Dorim until the heirs come of age. Gerard
Dorim was the king’s valet for many years and the land was to be located in an
area that would be of greatest advantage to Gerard.[74]
In February 1302 King Edward
granted certain lands from the estate of Thomas Fitz Maurice to John fitz
Thomas of the Kildare Fitzgeralds. John had previously held these lands at a
rent of £100 per year until Thomas’s heir came of age. Now King Edward cancelled
this payment because of the services rendered by John Fitz Thomas in Scotland
and elsewhere. The previous grant to Gerard Dorim was not overlooked and John
was instead to pay the £100 to Gerard for the land granted to the latter.[75]
In August 1304 William de
Burgh was granted custody of fifty marcates a year from the Connacht lands of
Thomas Fitz Maurice until the heir came of age. This grant was also a reward
for services rendered in the English campaigns in Scotland .[76]
Heirs and legacy
In February 1301 King Edward I
granted to Thomas de Berkeley, senior, the marriage of Thomas, the son of
Thomas Fitz Maurice, who was under age and in the king’s custody at the time.
If young Thomas should die before marriage then Thomas de Berkeley was to have
the marriage of each and subsequent heir until a successful marriage was made.[77] This
arrangement may have sounded good but Thomas de Berkeley had grown tired of the
Fitzgeralds. The remarriage of his daughter Margaret may have gained an
appreciation in his mind that things could turn out bad. Sometime before
November 1302 Thomas de Berkeley sold the right of marriage for the Fitzgerald
heirs to Edmund de Mortimer.[78] The
latter had Irish estates around Dunamase in modern County
Laois and elsewhere whereas Berkeley had little interest in Ireland . The right of marriage soon
after returned to the crown as Edmund de Mortimer died in July 1304.[79]
Thomas Fitz Thomas died
sometime before April 2, 1309 and was succeeded by his sixteen year old
brother, Maurice Fitz Thomas. Five years later, on April 5, 1314 Maurice Fitz
Thomas gave fealty to Edward I and received his inheritance. In 1329 after a
stormy first career Maurice became first Earl of Desmond and then became his
second stormy career.[80]
Such is a story for another day of which much has already been written.
Follow other stories and events relating to the Fitzgerald family of Munster as part of the Dromana 800 celebrations at http://www.dromana800.com/
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[1] James Lydon, ‘A land of war’, in A new history of Ireland ,
Vol. II: medieval Ireland
1169-1534, edited by Art Cosgrove (Oxford
[2] Bernadette Williams
(ed.), The Annals of Ireland by Friar John Clyn (Dublin , 2007), pp. 144,
145n
[3] James Lydon, ‘A land of war’, in A new history of Ireland ,
Vol. II: medieval Ireland
1169-1534, edited by Art Cosgrove (Oxford
[4] James Lydon, ‘A land of war’, in A new history of Ireland ,
Vol. II: medieval Ireland
1169-1534, edited by Art Cosgrove (Oxford
[5] Goddard Henry Orpen, Ireland under the Normans
1169-1333 (Dublin , 2005), vol. III, p. 143;
John T. Gilbert, History of the Viceroys of Ireland
(Dublin , 1865),
p. 106
[7] Rev. Denis Murphy (ed.), The
Annals of Clonmacnoise (Dublin
[8] James Lydon, ‘A land of war’, in A new history of Ireland ,
Vol. II: medieval Ireland
[9] Anthony McCormack, The
Earldom of Desmond 1463-1583: The Decline and Crisis of a Feudal Lordship (Dublin
[12] Paul MacCotter, ‘Lordship and Colony in Anglo-Norman Kerry,
1177-1400’ in Journal of the Kerry
Archaeological and Historical Society, Series 2, Vol. 4 (2004), pp. 63-4,
68
[14] H.S. Sweetman (ed.), Calendar
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(Liechtenstein
[15] H.S. Sweetman (ed.), Calendar
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(Liechtenstein
[16] Anthony McCormack, The
Earldom of Desmond 1463-1583, pp. 30-1
[17] H.S. Sweetman (ed.), Calendar
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[18] H.S. Sweetman (ed.), Calendar
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[19] James Lydon, ‘A land of war’, in A new history of Ireland ,
Vol. II: medieval Ireland
1169-1534, edited by Art Cosgrove (Oxford
[21] Anthony McCormack, The
Earldom of Desmond 1463-1583, p. 31
[22] Bridget Wells-Furby (ed.), A
catalogue of the medieval muniments at Berkeley
Castle (2 vols. Bristol
[23] Sir H.C. Maxwell Lyte, A
history of Dunster (2 vols. London
[24] James Lydon, ‘A land of war’, in A new history of Ireland ,
Vol. II: medieval Ireland
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[25] Bridget Wells-Furby (ed.), A
catalogue of muniments at Berkeley Castle
[26] H.S. Sweetman (ed.), Calendar
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[27] www.wikipedia.org/wiki/william_de_ferrers_5th_earl_of_derby;
accessed on 11 September 2011: Goddard
Henry Orpen, Ireland under the Normans
[28] Brian Ó Dálaigh, ‘From Gaelic Warlords to English Country
Gentlemen’, in The Other Clare, vol.
25 (2001), pp. 40-42
[29] H.S. Sweetman (ed.), Calendar
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[30] H.S. Sweetman (ed.), Calendar
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[31] H.S. Sweetman (ed.), Calendar
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[32] H.S. Sweetman (ed.), Calendar
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[33] H.S. Sweetman (ed.), Calendar
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[34] H.S. Sweetman (ed.), Calendar
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[35] H.S. Sweetman (ed.), Calendar
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[36] H.S. Sweetman (ed.), Calendar
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[37] H.S. Sweetman (ed.), Calendar
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[38] H.S. Sweetman (ed.), Calendar
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[39] H.S. Sweetman (ed.), Calendar
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[40] H.S. Sweetman (ed.), Calendar
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[41] H.S. Sweetman (ed.), Calendar
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[42] H.S. Sweetman (ed.), Calendar
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[43] H.S. Sweetman (ed.), Calendar
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[44] H.S. Sweetman (ed.), Calendar
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[45] H.S. Sweetman (ed.), Calendar
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[46] H.S. Sweetman (ed.), Calendar
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[47] H.S. Sweetman (ed.), Calendar
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[48] H.S. Sweetman (ed.), Calendar
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[49] H.S. Sweetman (ed.), Calendar
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[50] H.S. Sweetman (ed.), Calendar
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[51] H.S. Sweetman (ed.), Calendar
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[52] H.S. Sweetman (ed.), Calendar
of Documents relating to Ireland
[57] H.S. Sweetman (ed.), Calendar
of Documents relating to Ireland
[58] H.S. Sweetman (ed.), Calendar
of Documents relating to Ireland
[59] Michael Dolley, ‘Coinage to 1534: the sign of the times’, in A new history of Ireland ,
Vol. II: medieval Ireland
1169-1534, edited by Art Cosgrove (Oxford
[62] Michael Dolley, ‘Coinage to 1534: the sign of the times’, in A new history of Ireland ,
Vol. II: medieval Ireland
[63] H.S. Sweetman (ed.), Calendar
of Documents relating to Ireland
[65] George Edward Cokayne, The
Complete Peerage (Alan Sutton, Gloucester, 1987), vol. ii, p. 236
[66] Aubrey Gwynn and R. Neville Hadcock, Medieval Religious Houses Ireland
[67] H.S. Sweetman (ed.), Calendar
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[68] H.S. Sweetman (ed.), Calendar
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[69] H.S. Sweetman (ed.), Calendar
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[71] H.S. Sweetman (ed.), Calendar
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[72] H.S. Sweetman (ed.), Calendar
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[73] Ciarán Parker, ‘Local government in County
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51 (1995), p. 103; Ciarán Parker, ‘Paterfamilias and Parentela: the le Poer lineage in fourteenth-century Waterford’, in
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[74] H.S. Sweetman (ed.), Calendar
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[76] H.S. Sweetman (ed.), Calendar
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