Sunday, May 7, 2017

Geoffrey de Costentin and family in Thirteenth Century Ireland

Geoffrey de Costentin and family in Thirteenth Century Ireland

Niall C.E.J. O’Brien

The Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland in 1169 and subsequent partial conquest of the country (Ireland was not fully conquered until 1607) introduced into the country many settlers from England, Wales and France. These settlements were part of an expanding European population that wanted more living space. One of these new comers was Geoffrey de Costentin who got land in modern-day County Westmeath and north County Dublin.

Early history of Geoffrey de Costentin

It would appear from early documents and later settlements that Geoffrey de Costentin came from Lincolnshire. In 1155-66 a person called Geoffrey de Costentin was a witness to a grant of Legsby church in Lincolnshire to Sixhills abbey by Robert, son of Robert de Thweng.[1] The Costentin family were owners of Bonby manor in Lincolnshire from at least the first half of the thirteenth century. Yet in 1201-2 a person called Geoffrey de Costentin was paying fines in Lancastershire, Wiltshire and in the honor of Gloucester.[2] Geoffrey de Costentin also held the manor of Thorp in Staffordshire from the Earl of Lancaster. This place later took on the name of Thorp Costentin.[3]

Land in Westmeath

Sometime before the death in 1186 of Hugh de Lacy, lord of Meath, Geoffrey de Costentin received a grant of Kilbixy in the barony of Moyguish. In 1192 Geoffrey de Costentin erected an oblong shape mote to secure this new estate. The attached bailey and town beyond have not survived the ravages of war and time.[4] Many of the sub-tenants of Anglo-Norman Ireland, like Geoffrey de Costentin, appear to have connections to their overlord in England or France.[5] Somewhere in Geoffrey’s past life before he came to Ireland must have been a connection with the de Lacy family.

Later Walter de Lacy confirmed the grant to Geoffrey de Costentin of Kilbixy with its castle and five knight’s fees along with the land of Conemake beside it with fifteen knight’s fees and the land beyond the River Inny with four knight’s fees.[6] Kilbixy became a town of importance but its location on the marches between the English and Irish sphere of influence made its future growth uncertain. In 1450 the son of MacGeoghegan plundered the English lands of Westmeath including the area around Kilbixy.[7] Thereafter it appears the town went into decline.

 Ballynacargy in Kilbixy by Sarah777

Balrothery in north County Dublin

Sometime before 1200 Geoffrey de Costentin got land at Balrothery in north County Dublin. This property stayed with the Costentin family for many generations. In July 1295 Richard de Costentin paid 50s for relief on his lands of Balrothery and in Michaelmas 1297 Richard de Cotentin paid 20s towards the army services called for at Castledermot from his lands of Balrothery.[8]

Long after the life and property of Geoffrey de Costentin had faded from living memory some connections continued across the centuries. In 1641 Lady Peirse of Tristernagh was the owner of sixty acres at Newhouse in the parish of Balrothery along with twenty-four acres in Balrothery townland in the same parish.[9] Tristernagh in Westmeath was where Geoffrey de Costentin founded an Augustinian priory.

Tristernagh priory

An important feature of the lives of the early Anglo-Norman conquerors and settlers was the foundation and endowment of religious houses.[10] In about 1200 Geoffrey de Costentin founded Tristernagh priory near Kilbixy for Augustinian canons. The priory of St. Mary, as it was called, was richly endowed with lands and seven churches.[11] One of these churches was Balrothery in County Dublin. In 1181-1212 Geoffrey de Costentin gave the church of Balrothery to Tristernagh abbey by Kilbixy. From this church Tristernagh was to pay Lusk church 40s per year as Balrothery was an ancient subdivision of Lusk. Another 100s was to be paid for a ‘fit priest’ to serve at Balrothery.[12] The revenues of Balrothery were greater than these amounts so as to give Tristernagh some profit but these profits were shortly reduced.

In 1219-28 the two prebendaries at Lusk complained of not getting enough. By way of compromise Tristernagh had to pay Lusk £10 sterling per year in two payments of 100s each. If one of the prebendaries died then Tristernagh was free from paying 100s for that year.[13] Tristernagh priory continued until the dissolution of the monasteries under Henry VIII and the abbey buildings were destroyed in 1783. In 1941 the Register of Tristernagh priory was published under the editorship of M. Clarke.[14]

Tristernagh priory by JohnArmagh

Grant of land on west side of Athlone

In November 1200 King John granted Geoffrey de Costentin a cantred of land near Athlone called the Fews of Athlone, otherwise Tirieghrachbothe, for the service of five knight’s fees. This was in exchange for the lands of Leis and Honkreuthenan wish King John desired to give to Meiler Fitz Henry.[15]

In April 1201 Geoffrey received the additional cantred of Tirmany. These grants of land across the Shannon in Connacht were possible by the English recognition of Catha Crovderg as king of Connacht in return for the surrender to the English of land round Athlone. On 2nd November 1201 Geoffrey de Costentin along with Meiler Fitz Henry and William de Burgh was commission secretly to tell the barons of Meath of the recognition of Cathal Crovderg as king. To execute these royal commands Geoffrey de Costentin was giving legal protection on his English property while he was in Ireland.[16]

In May 1205 Geoffrey de Costentin was in England and King John sent instructions to Meiler Fitz Henry to give legal protection for Geoffrey’s Irish estates. By January 1208 Geoffrey had returned to Ireland and got legal protection for his English estates.[17]

In 1210 Athlone castle was rebuilt in stone as a royal castle guarding the crossing point into Connacht and located in the cantred belonging to Geoffrey de Costentin who was entrusted with the responsibility as first constable of the new castle. He was reappointed constable in July 1215.[18] In August 1214 Geoffrey de Costentin was given another cantred of equal value to that in which Athlone castle was situated. This order was executed in July 1215 when he got Trithweth to hold by the service of four knight’s fees.[19]

In September 1215 King John granted Connacht to Richard de Burgh excluding the King’s cantred where Athlone castle was situated and the cantred given to Geoffrey de Costentin. In this grant Geoffrey was not totally free from Richard de Burgh and instead had to do homage for his cantred. In July 1229 King Henry III gave Geoffrey de Costentin 30 knight’s fees to use in his canted of Trithweth of which 10 fees could be use deep into the Irish sphere of influence.[20]

Temporary justiciar and royal responsibility

In December 1201 Geoffrey de Costentin along with Master Humphrey de Tikehull was given temporary justiciary powers in Ireland after the justiciar, Meiler Fitz Henry, was removed after not prosecuting William de Breouse.[21] 

After the de Lacy rebellion Geoffrey de Costentin was entrusted with the castles of Loxhundy and Hincheleder. In July 1215 he was ordered to deliver these castles to Walter de Lacy after the latter made his peace with King John.[22]

In about 1224 Geoffrey de Costentin was a member on the jury panel holding an inquisition into the manor of Crumlin and other property around Dublin following the upheaval of the de Lacy rebellion.[23]

In April 1225 Geoffrey de Costentin was allowed to acquire £20 worth of land in Ireland as a reward for his services to the crown in that country. This was part of a reward scheme made to several people associated with Ireland. In May 1225 Geoffrey de Costentin was granted £20 a year from the Dublin Exchequer for his maintenance.[24]

In July 1229 Geoffrey de Costentin along with Geoffrey de Turville, Archdeacon of Dublin, were entrusted with the vacant see of Dublin. For this service Geoffrey got legal protection for his English estates. By October 1229 there was a new Archbishop of Dublin, Luke by name, and Geoffrey’s administration came to an end.[25]

Geoffrey de Costentin in the documents

Over the years Geoffrey de Costentin appeared as a witness in various documents. In about 1185 Geoffrey de Costentin was a witness to the grant by Prince John to Peter Pipard of the land in Uriel (Louth) which Peter’s brother, Gilbert Pipard, had conquered.[26] In about 1198 Geoffrey de Costentin was a witness to the grant by Milo le Bret of the ville of Stagory to the Hospital of St. John the Baptist outside the Newgate of Dublin.[27]

In October 1200 Geoffrey de Costentin was in Gloucester to witness the grant of land in Ireland to Thomas, abbot of Glendalough.[28] In the early thirteenth century Geoffrey de Costentin was one of the witnesses to the grant of a charter of rights by Walter de Lacy to the burgesses of Kells.[29]

In August 1220 Geoffrey de Costentin was in Oxford to witness the appointment of Geoffrey de Mariscis as the new justiciar of Ireland. But the new justiciar failed to send the profits of Ireland to England and in July 1221 was dismissed. A letter appointing Henry, Archbishop of Dublin, as the new justiciar was sent to all the magnates of Ireland including Geoffrey de Costentin.[30]

Early in the reign of Henry III Geoffrey de Costentin was a witness to the grant by Robert de Curzon of Diseworth in Leicestershire to Stephen de Sedgrave in exchange for the land of Kilculy (Kilkenny?) in Ireland which Stephen gave to Robert. Geoffrey also witnessed the confirmation grant by Stephen de Curzon, brother of Robert, in return for a rent of 2s per year.[31]

Death and successors

In 1229-30 Geoffrey de Costentin was allowed to repay a debt of 50 marks that he owed to the king by instalments of 5 marks at Michaelmas and 5 marks at Easter until the debt was paid.[32]

Sometime between 1230 and 1232 Geoffrey de Costentin died. In May 1232 the king took the homage of Geoffrey Costentin for the lands that his father held in capite in Ireland.[33] By June 1244 Geoffrey de Costentin junior was dead leaving a minor as heir. King Henry granted Richard de Dover the lands held in capite by Geoffrey in Ireland along with the lands Geoffrey held of Walter de Lacy until the age was of age.

Geoffrey de Costentin the third

Geoffrey de Costentin the third came of age in December 1252. In March 1253 Geoffrey de Costentin was given seisin of Balrothery on payment to the king of one year’s income (£33 9½d).[34]
   
But Geoffrey de Costentin the third didn’t live long to enjoy his inheritance. In the 37th year Henry III (1252-3) Geoffrey de Costentin died leaving his son Geoffrey as heir. The young 21 year old succeeded to various properties in Ireland. These were Balyrothery (7 carucates of land held of the king by service of one archer and worth £33 9½d), Kilbixy (worth £18 and 2,400 eels worth £6) and Kenkelly (worth nothing due to the default of the tenant, William de Dene, and Irish attacks) held of Walter de Lacy by service of 4 knights.[35] In 1252 the lands of Geoffrey de Costentin at Kenkelly in present-day County Longford, were subject to attack by the Irish. The attack resulted in a decline in the prosperity of the manor with waste and uncultivated fields becoming more common.[36]

Geoffrey de Costentin also had one knight’s fee at Dromiskyn (worth 2s per year) which was held of the Archbishop of Armagh by a rent of two pounds of wax.[37] Dromiskin was previously held by Ralph of Mutton. This Ralph was in dispute with Luke de Netterville, Archbishop of Armagh, over the ownership of the manor.[38]

Geoffrey de Costentin the fourth

Little is known about Geoffrey de Costentin the fourth. In 1263-4 Geoffrey Costentin died leaving his brother John Costentin (aged 29 years) as heir. John Costentin succeeded to the land of Bonby in Lincolnshire formerly held by Geoffrey de Costentin and to the Irish lands.[39]

John de Costentin

In 1271 John Costentin held 4 knights fees at Kenkilly in the honor of Fore from Geoffrey de Geneville.[40] This place was in waste in 1253. It is unknown if John de Costentin was able to restored its prosperity but does appear that John had ambitions to develop his Irish property. Around 1281 John de Costentin enfeoffed his brother Richard de Costentin of the manor of Bonby in exchange for certain lands in Ireland. For this Richard was to pay John a pair of gilt spurs at Easter.[41]

Sometime before 14th February 1291 John de Costentin died and was found seized at his inquisition post mortem of a capital messuage, 11 bovates of land in demesne along with free tenants holding a further 22 bovates of land in the manor of Bonby. Geoffrey Costentin, son of John, was aged 30 years plus and was heir to Bonby.[42]

Bonby church by David Wright

Geoffrey de Costentin the fifth

Little is known of Geoffrey de Costentin the fifth. In February 1291 Geoffrey de Costentin was fined a half mark because he failed to appear at the Dublin county court.[43] Sometime in the next two or three years Geoffrey de Costentin died without no direct heirs and was succeeded in his Irish property by his cousin (uncle), Richard de Costentin. His inquisition post mortem for Balrothery was taken in 1294-5.[44]

Richard de Costentin

In October 1293 Richard de Costentin was given legal protection in England as he travelled to Ireland with Adam de Botyndon.[45] In December 1299 Richard de Costentin was given further legal protection in England and Ireland through his attorney Thomas Tracy. This allowed Richard de Costentin to make homage to King Edward for the lands in Ireland held by Geoffrey de Costentin, his deceased cousin, as Geoffrey’s heir.[46] These lands were taken into the king’s hands because Richard failed to do homage for same in a reasonable time. In December 1299 John Wogan was instructed to restore the lands to Richard Costentin.[47]

Over the succeeding years Richard de Costentin appointed many attorneys to administrate his Irish lands. In February 1301 Reginald de Dene and John de Altaribus were appointed Irish attorneys for Richard de Costentin as he returned to England.[48] It appears that Richard soon fell out with Reginald over money. A note in February 1301 said that Reginald de Dene acknowledged that he owed Richard Costentin the sum of 500 marks and that Richard could enter Reginald’s lands in Ireland if he defaulted.[49]

In February 1302 Richard remained in England and appointed Robert Crispin and Geoffrey de Stretton as his Irish attorneys. In 1303 Richard’s Irish attorneys were Walter de Hereford and John Fitz Stephen. In 1305 his Irish attorneys for the following two years were William de Whethelesburgh and Hugh de Foalmethely.[50] Clearly Richard had trouble retaining constant Irish attorneys or he was just a hard task master.

It seems from the records that Richard Costentin often went to Ireland on extended visits. In 1303 he was living in Ireland when he asked for a writ that Sir Richard de Exeter, chief justice of the Dublin Bench, would receive his English attorneys for three years. Richard Costentin was too ill at the time to go in person to the Dublin Bench.[51]

By 1318 Richard de Costentin still retained some property interest in Ireland as in that year he held the manor of Ballyfermot, Co. Dublin, of Robert de Clahull.[52] But his was dead by September 1318. Before that Richard de Costentin and Matilda his wife made an enfeoffment of Bonby to John de Hothum, Bishop of Ely. In September 1318 the Bishop made a grant to Matilda (then a widow) of 10 marks yearly in return for her grant to the Bishop of her dower lands at Bonby.[53] By December 1318 John de Hothum, Bishop of Ely, held Bonby and did homage for same to the king.[54] This John de Hothum was an important figure in early fourteenth century Ireland.[55]

Geoffrey de Costentin the sixth

Although the Costentin family had left Bonby some members of the family still retained property in Ireland. In 1323-4 Geoffrey de Costentin paid £1 for a half service for Balrothery in the army service of Tylagh issued by John de Arcy.[56] It is not clear if this Geoffrey de Costentin the sixth was a son of Richard de Costentin or some other relationship. Clearly he was some relation to Richard as Balrothery was an ancient property of the family since the days of King Richard.

After Geoffrey de Costentin the sixth the family appears to have died out or certainty disappeared from the surviving records. There was a person called Adam de Costentin living in County Kerry in 1295 but it is unknown if he was any relation.[57] Thus after near 150 years, another Anglo-Norman family disappears into the mists of an Irish day. 

Although the connections between their property in Westmeath and Dublin continued up until 1641 and the priory ruins of Tristernagh stood until the late eighteenth century little now remains except the records. By 1324 the Irish were well on their way to recovery large parts of Ireland from the English. Thus the arrival of Geoffrey de Costentin in Ireland in the reign of Henry II and the demised of the family in the reign of Edward II covers the rise and the beginning of the fall of Anglo-Norman Ireland.


Bibliography
Anon, Rotulus Cancellarii, Vel Antigraphum Magni Rotuli Pipæ, de Tertio Anno Regni Regus Johannis (London, 1833)
Brooks, E. St. John, Knights’ fees in Counties Wexford, Carlow and Kilkenny, 13th-15th Century (Dublin, 1950)
Brooks, E. St. John (ed.), Register of the Hospital of St. John the Baptist without the New Gate, Dublin (Dublin, 1936)
Calendar of Close Rolls, Edward II, 1318-1323
Connolly, P., ‘Irish material in the class of ancient petitions (sc8) in the Public Records Office, London’, in Analecta Hibernica, no. 34 (1987), pp. 1-106
Curtis, E. (ed.), Calendar of Ormond deeds, volume one, 1172-1350 (Dublin, 1932)
Down, K., ‘Colonial society and economy’, in Cosgrove, A. (ed.), A new history of Ireland, volume II: medieval Ireland, 1169-1534 (Oxford, 2008), pp. 437-491
Dryburgh, P., and Hartland, B. (eds.), Calendar of the Fine Rolls of the reign of Henry III, Volume II, 1224-1234 (London, 2008)
Farrer, W., and Clay, C.T. (eds.), Early Yorkshire Charters: Volume 11, The Percy Fee (Cambridge, 2013)
Forty Second Report of the Deputy Keeper of the Public Records Office, Ireland (Dublin, 1911)
Frame, R., Colonial Ireland, 1169-1369 (Dublin, 1981)
Gwynn, A., and Hadcock, R.N., Medieval Religious Houses Ireland (Blackrock, 1988)
Hagger, M. The Fortunes of a Norman Family: The de Verduns in England, Ireland and Wales, 1066-1316 (Dublin, 2001)
Hogan, J., ‘Miscellanea of the Chancery, London’, in Analecta Hibernica, 1 (1930), pp. 179-218
McNeill, C. (ed.), Calendar of Archbishop Alen’s Register, c.1172-1534 (Dublin, 1950)
Mills, J., and McEnery, M.J. (eds.), Calendar of the Gormanston Register (Dublin, 1916)
Nicholls, K.W., ‘Inquisitions of 1224 from the Miscellanea of the Exchequer’, in Analecta Hibernica, no. 27 (1972), pp. 103-112
Orpen, G.H., Ireland under the Normans (Dublin, 2005)
Otway-Ruthven, A.J., A history of Medieval Ireland (London, 1980)
Phillips, J.R.S., ‘The Mission of John de Hothum to Ireland, 1315-1316’, in Lydon, J. (ed.), England and Ireland in the Later Middle Ages (Dublin, 1981), pp.62-85
Sharp, J.E.E.S. (ed.), Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem (Liechtenstein, 1973), vol. 1
Sheehan, J., Westmeath: as others saw us (Moate, 1982)
Simington, R.C. (ed.), The Civil Survey A.D. 1654-1656 Vol. VII County of Dublin (Dublin, 1945)
Sweetman, H.S. (ed.), Calendar of Documents relating to Ireland (5 vols. Liechtenstein, 1974)
Warren, W.L., ‘King John and Ireland’, in Lydon, J. (ed.), England and Ireland in the Later Middle Ages (Dublin, 1981), pp.26-42
Wells-Furby, B. (ed.), A catalogue of the medieval muniments at Berkeley Castle, Volume two (Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society, 2004)

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[1] Farrer, W., and Clay, C.T. (eds.), Early Yorkshire Charters: Volume 11, The Percy Fee (Cambridge, 2013), 206
[2] Anon, Rotulus Cancellarii, Vel Antigraphum Magni Rotuli Pipæ, de Tertio Anno Regni Regus Johannis (London, 1833), pp. 56, 120 234
[4] Orpen, G.H., Ireland under the Normans (Dublin, 2005), volume II, p. 88
[5] Frame, R., Colonial Ireland, 1169-1369 (Dublin, 1981), p. 76
[6] Orpen, Ireland under the Normans, volume II, p. 88, note 53
[7] Sheehan, J., Westmeath: as others saw us (Moate, 1982), pp. 16, 200
[8] Sweetman, H.S. (ed.), Calendar of Documents relating to Ireland (5 vols. Liechtenstein, 1974), volume 4, 1293-1301, p. 138, no. 442
[9] Simington, R.C. (ed.), The Civil Survey A.D. 1654-1656 Vol. VII County of Dublin (Dublin, 1945), pp. 14, 15
[10] Otway-Ruthven, A.J., A history of Medieval Ireland (London, 1980), p. 121
[11] Gwynn, A., and Hadcock, R.N., Medieval Religious Houses Ireland (Blackrock, 1988), p. 196; Brooks, E. St. John, Knights’ fees in Counties Wexford, Carlow and Kilkenny, 13th-15th Century (Dublin, 1950), p. 199n
[12] McNeill, C. (ed.), Calendar of Archbishop Alen’s Register, c.1172-1534 (Dublin, 1950), p. 33
[13] McNeill (ed.), Calendar of Archbishop Alen’s Register, c.1172-1534, p. 59
[14] Gwynn and Hadcock, Medieval Religious Houses Ireland, pp. 196, 197
[15] Sweetman (ed.), Calendar of Documents relating to Ireland, volume 1, 1171-1251, no. 137; Otway-Ruthven, A history of Medieval Ireland, p. 75
[16] Orpen, Ireland under the Normans, volume II, pp. 189, 190; Sweetman (ed.), Calendar of Documents relating to Ireland, volume 1, 1171-1251, nos. 137, 153, 157, 158; Otway-Ruthven, A history of Medieval Ireland, p. 76
[17] Sweetman (ed.), Calendar of Documents relating to Ireland, volume 1, 1171-1251, nos. 261, 390
[18] Orpen, Ireland under the Normans, volume II, p. 284; Sweetman (ed.), Calendar of Documents relating to Ireland, volume 1, 1171-1251, no. 615
[19] Sweetman (ed.), Calendar of Documents relating to Ireland, volume 1, 1171-1251, nos. 508, 580; Warren, W.L., ‘King John and Ireland’, in Lydon, J. (ed.), England and Ireland in the Later Middle Ages (Dublin, 1981), pp.26-42, at p. 30
[20] Sweetman (ed.), Calendar of Documents relating to Ireland, volume 1, 1171-1251, nos. 653, 1719
[21] Sweetman (ed.), Calendar of Documents relating to Ireland, volume 1, 1171-1251, no. 160
[22] Sweetman (ed.), Calendar of Documents relating to Ireland, volume 1, 1171-1251, no. 612
[23] Nicholls, K.W., ‘Inquisitions of 1224 from the Miscellanea of the Exchequer’, in Analecta Hibernica, no. 27 (1972), pp. 103-112, at p. 107
[24] Sweetman (ed.), Calendar of Documents relating to Ireland, volume 1, 1171-1251, nos. 1272, 1295
[25] Sweetman (ed.), Calendar of Documents relating to Ireland, volume 1, 1171-1251, nos. 1717, 1722, 1723, 1745
[26] Curtis, E. (ed.), Calendar of Ormond deeds, volume one, 1172-1350 (Dublin, 1932), no. 863
[27] Brooks, E. St. John (ed.), Register of the Hospital of St. John the Baptist without the New Gate, Dublin (Dublin, 1936), no. 290
[28] Sweetman (ed.), Calendar of Documents relating to Ireland, volume 1, 1171-1251, no. 132
[30] Sweetman (ed.), Calendar of Documents relating to Ireland, volume 1, 1171-1251, nos. 949, 1001
[31] Wells-Furby, B. (ed.), A catalogue of the medieval muniments at Berkeley Castle, Volume two (Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society, 2004), pp. 749, 750, 821
[32] Dryburgh, P., and Hartland, B. (eds.), Calendar of the Fine Rolls of the reign of Henry III, Volume II, 1224-1234 (London, 2008), no. 14/255
[33] Sweetman (ed.), Calendar of Documents relating to Ireland, vol. 1, 1171-1251, no. 1942
[34] Sweetman (ed.), Calendar of Documents relating to Ireland, vol. 1, 1171-1251, no. 2682; Sweetman (ed.), Calendar of Documents relating to Ireland, vol. 2, 1252-1284, nos. 146, 158
[35] Sharp, J.E.E.S. (ed.), Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem (Liechtenstein, 1973), vol. 1, no. 277; Sweetman (ed.), Calendar of Documents relating to Ireland, volume 2, 1252-1284, no. 146
[36] Down, K., ‘Colonial society and economy’, in Cosgrove, A. (ed.), A new history of Ireland, volume II: medieval Ireland, 1169-1534 (Oxford, 2008), pp. 437-491, at p. 448
[37] Sharp (ed.), Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem, vol. 1, no. 277; Sweetman (ed.), Calendar of Documents relating to Ireland, volume 2, 1252-1284, no. 146
[38] Hagger, M. The Fortunes of a Norman Family: The de Verduns in England, Ireland and Wales, 1066-1316 (Dublin, 2001), p.201
[39] Sharp (ed.), Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem, vol. 1, no. 574
[40] Mills, J., and McEnery, M.J. (eds.), Calendar of the Gormanston Register (Dublin, 1916), p. 11
[41] Sharp, J.E.E.S. (ed.), Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem preserved in the Public Record Office (14 vols. Kraus-Thomson, reprint, 1973), vol. 2, no. 750
[42] Sharp (ed.), Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem, vol. 2, no. 750
[43] Sweetman (ed.), Calendar of Documents relating to Ireland, volume 3, 1285-1292, p. 384
[44] Hogan, J., ‘Miscellanea of the Chancery, London’, in Analecta Hibernica, 1 (1930), pp. 179-218, at p. 205
[45] Sweetman (ed.), Calendar of Documents relating to Ireland, volume 4, 1293-1301, no. 119
[46] Sweetman (ed.), Calendar of Documents relating to Ireland, volume 4, 1293-1301, nos. 580, 696
[47] Calendar Close Rolls, Edward 1, 1296-1302, p. 328
[48] Sweetman (ed.), Calendar of Documents relating to Ireland, volume 4, 1293-1301, no. 846
[49] Calendar Close Rolls, Edward 1, 1296-1302, p. 479
[50] Sweetman (ed.), Calendar of Documents relating to Ireland, volume 5, 1302-1307, no. 26, 277, 278
[51] Connolly, P., ‘Irish material in the class of ancient petitions (sc8) in the Public Records Office, London’, in Analecta Hibernica, no. 34 (1987), pp. 1-106, at p. 82
[52] Brooks, Knights’ fees in Counties Wexford, Carlow and Kilkenny, 13th-15th Century, p. 59n
[53] Calendar of Close Rolls, Edward II, 1318-1323, p. 11
[54] Calendar of Close Rolls, Edward II, 1318-1323, p. 39
[55] Phillips, J.R.S., ‘The Mission of John de Hothum to Ireland, 1315-1316’, in Lydon, J. (ed.), England and Ireland in the Later Middle Ages (Dublin, 1981), pp.62-85; Curtis, E. (ed.), Calendar of Ormond deeds, volume one, 1172-1350 (Dublin, 1932), no. 677
[56] Forty Second Report of the Deputy Keeper of the Public Records Office, Ireland (Dublin, 1911), p. 53
[57] Mills, J. (ed.), Calendar of the Justiciary Rolls Ireland XXIII to XXXI Edward 1 (Dublin, 1905), p. 47