Friday, May 25, 2018

Richard Martyn and the English bishops of Lismore and Waterford in the fifteenth century


Richard Martyn and the English bishops of
Lismore and Waterford in the fifteenth century

Niall C.E.J. O’Brien

In 1472 the long serving bishop of Lismore and Waterford, Robert Poer, died. He was first appointed to the diocese on 2nd September, 1446 and consecrated on 23rd August, 1447.[1] On 9th March, 1472 Richard Martyn, Order Franciscans Minor (Greyfriars), was appointed by papal provision.[2]  Yet it is said that Richard Martyn was never consecrated and the diocese was left without an official bishop until John Bulcombe was appointed on 17th March, 1475.[3]

Richard Martyn was not the first English person to be appointed bishop of Lismore and Waterford since the union of the two dioceses in 1363. Robert Read, O.P., was appointed on 9th September, 1394 and stayed until 26th January, 1396 when he was translated to Carlisle.[4] The next bishop was Thomas Sparkford, B.C.L., from the diocese of Exeter. He served in a number of parish positions in the west and south of England along with holding two prebendaries in Wales.[5] One of these parishes was the rectory of Saltwood, in the diocese of Canterbury, which he resigned on his translation to Lismore. Master John Fraunceys, B.C.L., papal writer and member of the pope’s household, succeeded Sparkford at Saltwood.[6]  He was appointed by papal provision on 26th January, 1396[7] and was consecrated by May 1396. Sparkford held the see for only a short time as he died in June 1397.[8]

South transept of Lismore cathedral 

The next bishop was John Deping, O.P., and he was appointed on 11th July, 1397. His tenure was short as he died on 4th February, 1400.[9] The next bishop, Thomas Snell, was appointed on 26th May, 1400 and stayed until 11th March, 1407 when he was translated to the diocese of Ossory.[10] Thomas Snell had previously served as archdeacon of Glendalough.[11]  Thomas Snell was succeeded in the diocese of Lismore and Waterford before October 1407 by Roger of Appleby, O.S.A.[12] Another writer suggests that Roger was not an Augustinian cleric but a Benedictine monk. Roger had previously served as bishop of Ossory (1400-1402) and Dromore (1402-1407).[13] His stay in Waterford was a brief one as he died before August 1409.[14]

The next bishop of Lismore and Waterford was John Geese, Friar Carmelite, who was appointed on 23rd August, 1409 by provision of Pope Alexander V.[15] Some sources suggest that Geese may even have been bishop since 13th August, 1408. The temporalities of the diocese were restored to Bishop Geese on 11th July, 1410. Geese had a Bachelor of Theology from Oxford University but it is unclear if whether he was born in Ireland or England.[16]

This was the period of the pope and anti-pope when a number of conflicting people claimed to be the one and true pope. The battle for position was not just fought for the top position in the church but benefices across Christendom came under attack from competing parties. Thus on February 9, 1414 Bishop Geese was deprived of his position by the Anti-Pope John XXIII.[17] Thomas Colby, former bishop-designate of Elphin got the bishop’s chair.[18] Leland suggested that Thomas Colby was first nominated to the see of Lismore and Waterford by Richard II but that the appointment was not followed through.[19]

Thomas Colby was an English cleric. He first joined the Carmelite Order at the Norwich convent. By 1384 he had moved to the Oxford convent. It was in Oxford that Colby received his Bachelor of Theology.[20]

On March 18, 1412 Colby was appointed by papal provision to the diocese of Elphin. In February 1414 he was translated to the diocese of Lismore and Waterford as said. Colby held the see until 1421 when he was challenged at the Roman curia by John Geese. With judgement passed against him, Colby surrendered the see. Thomas Colby died in 1423.[21]

The new bishop of Lismore and Waterford was the successful claimant, John Geese. In an effort to strengthen his position Bishop Geese impeached Richard O’Headian, archbishop of Cashel, upon thirty articles concerning his conduct and administration in the Parliament at Dublin in 1421.[22] In 1424 John Geese became assistant bishop of London while still holding his Irish diocese. His death on December 22, 1425 occasioned an election of a new bishop.[23] The two cathedral chapters of the united diocese elected an Anglo-Irish cleric called Richard Cantwell who was appointed on February 27, 1426.[24] Richard Cantwell was formerly archdeacon of Lismore and so would have known the diocese well.[25]

In the fifteenth century a number of members of the extended Cantwell family became senior clerics in Ireland. John Cantwell became archbishop of Cashel by papal provision on November 21, 1440. He was succeeded at his death in May 1452 by another John Cantwell who was the former dean of Cashel. A third cleric, Simon Cantwell, from the Lismore diocese, became successively dean of Limerick and archdeacon of Cashel before his death in 1451 at Viterbo in Italy.[26]

Richard Cantwell, bishop of Lismore and Waterford, established an air of stability following a period of short encumberants. He held the diocese until his death on May 7, 1446 after which Robert Poer became bishop for the succeeding forty-five years.[27] In 1438 rumour circulated that Bishop Richard was dead and Henry VI appointed Thomas Brid, Order of Predicants and professor of divinity, but on hearing that Bishop Richard was very much alive the appointment was cancelled. Richard Cantwell was buried in Waterford cathedral.[28]


Waterford cathedral

Robert Poer was a former dean of Limerick. After his appointed to Lismore and Waterford, Bishop Robert obtained a royal licence to purchase land to the value of £40 and add it to the episcopal revenues. At about the same time the cathedral chapter got a royal licence to increase their property portfolio by £100. In 1471 Robert Poer died.[29]

The appointment of Richard Martyn in 1472 was therefore not a new departure of appointing English born clerics to the diocese but an attempt to re-establish that provision. Yet the provision was not for the benefit of the Irish diocese but to benefit the travelling bishop. At some date Richard Martyn was made a suffragan bishop in the diocese of Canterbury. He later became rector of All Saints Church, Lydd, one of the most splendid churches in Romney Marsh.[30] On 12th September 1484 Richard Martyn was given papal dispensation not to reside at Lydd as he was bound to do so by the foundation charter of Lydd parish church.[31] On his appointment to Lismore and Waterford Richard Martyn was described as a professor of divinity.[32]

At many times in the fifteenth century English friars, searching for an episcopal title, arranged for their appointment to an Irish see. They had little interest in Ireland or their see. Instead, having become a bishop they could earn a better living in England as a suffragan bishop or absentee assistant-bishop in some English diocese. This traffic in Irish dioceses was facilitated by the loose control exercised by English bishops and Irish archbishops.[33]

It would appear that Richard Martyn didn’t spend much time in the diocese. In May 1472 he was living in London where he was asked by papal mandate with two other bishops to judge that disputed marriage between Richard Lessy and Agnes Cokkesson.[34] By June 1475 Richard Martyn had resigned from Lismore and Waterford by which time he was succeeded by John Bulcombe, another English cleric.[35] For more on John Bulcome see = http://celtic2realms-medievalnews.blogspot.ie/2018/05/john-bulcombe-bishop-of-lismore-and.html

The succession of English clerics holding the bishopric of Lismore and Waterford caused a reaction during the episcopal of John Bulcombe when in 1480 Nicholas O’Hennessy challenged for the bishopric.[36] Nicholas O’Hennessy was supported as bishop by the clergy of the Diocese of Lismore while the clergy of the Diocese of Waterford, along with Waterford Corporation, continued to support John Bulcombe as the legitimate bishop. In 1483 Thomas Purcell, an Anglo-Irish cleric, became bishop of Lismore and Waterford and spent the next twenty years trying to reunite the united diocese of Lismore and Waterford.

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[2] Ware, J., The Antiquities and History of Ireland (), p. 26
[4] Ware, J., The Antiquities and History of Ireland (), p. 25; Ware, J., the Complete Works (), p. 534; www.wikipedia.bishop-of-Waterford-and-Lismore accessed on 20 October 2011
[5] A.B. Emden, A biographical register of the University of Oxford to A.D. 1500 (3 vols. Oxford, 1989), vol. 3, p. 1739
[6] W.H. Bliss & J.A. Twemlow (eds.), Calendar of Papal Letters relating to Great Britain and Ireland, Volume IV, 1362-1404 (Stationery Office, London, 1902), p. 531
[7] W.H. Bliss & J.A. Twemlow (eds.), Calendar of Papal Letters relating to Great Britain and Ireland, Volume IV, 1362-1404 (Stationery Office, London, 1902), p. 539
[8] A.B. Emden, A biographical register of the University of Oxford to A.D. 1500 (3 vols. Oxford, 1989), vol. 3, p. 1739; Ware, The Antiquities and History of Ireland, p. 25; Ware, The Complete Works, p. 534
[9] Ware, J., The Antiquities and History of Ireland (), p. 25
[11] Ware, J., The Antiquities and History of Ireland (), p. 26
[13] Dom Hubert Janssens de Verebeke, O.S.B., ‘Benedictine Bishops in Medieval Ireland’, in Etienne Rynne (ed.), North Munster Studies: Essays in Commemoration of Monsignor Michael Moloney (Limerick, 1967), p. 249
[14] Ware, J., The Antiquities and History of Ireland (), p. 26
[15] Ware, J., The Antiquities and History of Ireland (), p. 26
[16] A.B. Emden, A biographical register of the University of Oxford to A.D. 1500, vol. 2, p. 752
[17] A.B. Emden, A biographical register of the University of Oxford to A.D. 1500, vol. 2, p. 752
[19] Ware, J., The Antiquities and History of Ireland (), p. 25
[20] A.B. Emden, A biographical register of the University of Oxford to A.D. 1500, vol. 1, p. 459
[21] A.B. Emden, A biographical register of the University of Oxford to A.D. 1500, vol. 1, p. 459
[22] A.B. Emden, A biographical register of the University of Oxford to A.D. 1500, vol. 2, p. 752
[23] A.B. Emden, A biographical register of the University of Oxford to A.D. 1500, vol. 2, p. 752
[25] Ware, J., The Antiquities and History of Ireland (), p. 26
[26] A.B. Emden, A biographical register of the University of Oxford to A.D. 1500, vol. 1, p. 351
[28] Ware, J., The Antiquities and History of Ireland (), p. 26
[29] Ware, J., The Antiquities and History of Ireland (), p. 26
[31] Twemlow, J.A. (ed.), Calendar of Entries in the Papal Registers relating to Great Britain and Ireland, volume XIV, 1484-1492 (London, 1960), p. 317
[32] Ware, J., The Antiquities and History of Ireland (), p. 26
[33] Rev. Aubrey Gwynn, S.J., The medieval province of Armagh (Dundalgan Press, Dundalk, 1946), p. 133
[34] Twemlow, J.A. (ed.), Calendar of Entries in the Papal Registers relating to Great Britain and Ireland, volume XIII, 1471-1484 (London, 1955), p. 309
[35] Twemlow, J.A. (ed.), Calendar of Entries in the Papal Registers relating to Great Britain and Ireland, volume XIII, 1471-1484 (London, 1955), p. 40
[36] James F. Lydon, Terence B. Barry, Robin Frame and Katherine Simms (eds.), Colony and frontier in medieval Ireland: essays presented to J.F. Lydon (Dublin, 1995), p. 147

Wednesday, May 23, 2018

John Bulcombe, Bishop of Lismore and Waterford, 1475-1483


John Bulcombe, Bishop of Lismore and Waterford, 1475-1483

Niall C.E.J. O’Brien

The early background of John Bulcombe is so far covered in mystery. It is possible that he took his surname from a place called North Bulcombe. This place is in Devon near the border with Somerset. In September 1464 there is reference to John Bikcomb, clerk as born in  Tybrescomb but this was possibly a different person.[1] Various ways of spelling John Bulcombe’s surname include Bulcom; Bulcomb; Bulkombe and Bulkumb.[2] In all these examples the letter u is used in all cases.

It is possible that John Bulcombe or his family were not natives of Devon or Somerset. A deed from Suffolk was made in 1356 and one of the witnesses was Michael de Bulcombe.[3] A brother or cousin called Thomas Bulcombe acted as John’s proctor in 1469 but we know nothing else of this person.[4]

John Bulcombe at Oxford

John Bulcombe first appears in the surviving records as principal of Beam Hall in Oxford in 1466. But Bulcombe was already in Oxford for a few years before this as he had acquired a M.A. degree by 1466. The same source also says that he came from the diocese of Bath and Wells.[5] This diocese covered the county of Somerset along with the modern county of Avon in which is situated the city of Bristol.

Bulcombe was first admitted as principal of Beam Hall on October 11, 1466 but he resigned one month later on November 10, 1466. He was readmitted as principal on Christmas Eve 1466. After these revolving door movements Bulcombe remained as principal until at least September 1469.[6] The academic Halls and Inns of Oxford were rented by their successive principals on a year-to-year basis. It was in these buildings that the greater number of medieval students resided.[7]

Beam Hall was situated in the parish of St. John, opposite Merton College.[8] At the time that Bulcombe was principal the medieval hall system was at its height with more than sixty halls but by 1500 there was no more than ten. The admission of undergraduates to the various colleges was one of the chief reasons for the rapid decline.[9]

The clerical career of John Bulcombe was one of constant movement from one benefice to another and across diocesan boundaries. This was not because he was an unhappy fellow or a trouble maker. The evidence suggests that constant movement was a characteristic of the clerical career of those holding a degree.[10] John Bulcombe was ordained a priest on April 21, 1470.[11]

John Bulcombe in parish positions

Yet he was involved in parish life for a year before this date. Well, sort of involved. On March 31, 1469 Sir John Bulcombe, clerk, was instituted to the rectory of Hawkridge in the diocese of Bath and Wells following the death of the encumber Sir John Brawse. But Bulcombe did not attend the ceremony. Instead he sent his proctor, Thomas Bulcombe to act on his behalf. The advowson of Hawkridge was held by William Doddesham, esquire and it was he who presented Bulcombe to the benefice.[12]

The process of how a cleric was first introduced to a patron of a benefice is elusive. The first we usually hear about a presentation is in a bishop’s register where a cleric is recommended by a patron to a bishop for institution. At the same time we hear little about how many unsuccessful clerics competed for that benefice.[13] William Doddesham had the advowson to a number of parishes by the right of his wife and this was shared with his wife’s two married sisters.[14]

We have no subsequent account to say if John Bulcombe attended the parish except that he had resigned the position by April 1473 when Master John Shirwood became rector.[15] This latter cleric held the position until March 1489 when he resigned. The new encumber, Sir John Hamlyne was presented for institution by an Irish connection in the person of Thomas Butler, Earl of Ormond.[16]   
On November 14, 1472 John Bulcombe was made vicar of Cuddesdon in Oxfordshire. His impact upon the parish, even if he ever visited the place, cannot have been great as he vacated the position in February 1473.[17] On February 16, 1373 John Bulcombe was admitted as vicar of Chieveley in Berkshire. His occupancy here lasted for over a year before he vacated the parish by May 1474. Before this happened Bulcombe was admitted as rector of Milton in Berkshire on February 20, 1474[18]

Sometime before June 15, 1474 John Bulcombe resigned the rectory of Otterhampton in Somerset as Sir Richard Sautt was instituted on that day. The presentation was made by Reynold Stourton, knight in right of his wife, Margaret, daughter and heiress of John Coker.[19] There is no record to say when Bulcombe was instituted to Otterhampton. In 1497 an inquisition was held into who owned the advowson of Otterhampton. It found that William Hody was the owner by inheritance from Alexander Hody who purchased from Walter Trevett. Alexander held the advowson with his wife Dame Margaret Stourton and that after his death Margaret held same with her new husband, Reynold Stourton. It was this latter person who presented Master John Bulcombe and the above Sir Richard Sautt to the rectory.[20]

John Bulcombe in the Diocese of Bath and Wells

On March 2, 1475 John Bulcombe was presented to the rectory of Bawdrip in Somerset by John Wroughton, esquire. The vacancy occurred due to the death of the encumber Sir John Nown.[21] The parish appears to have been neglected for many decades. As far back as the mid-15th century the then rector was ordered to repair his buildings.[22] 

At about the same time that Bulcombe arrived in Bawdrip he acquired some property there. The size of this property and from who did he buy it from is as yet unknown. What we do know is that he sold a messuage and five acres to Thomas Fisher for £10 3s 4d before June 1475 as the documents relating to the sale say that it was Master Bulcombe who sold the property and that after the sale he was Bishop Bulcombe. Fisher paid the money but Bulcombe would not transfer the property. To find redress, Fisher pursued the case in the common courts but found no success. Therefore, at some unknown date between 1475 and 1480 Fisher petitioned, Thomas Rotherham, bishop of Lincoln and chancellor of England, to get Bulcombe to appear in the chancery court and transfer the property or restore the money paid. An endorsement to the petition says that the case was to be heard at the quinzaine of Michaelmas next following but no records survive to say how the affair was settled.[23]

Inside Lismore cathedral

John Bulcombe as Bishop of Lismore and Waterford 

Before June 1475 John Bulcombe received provision from the Pope to become bishop of the untied diocese of Lismore and Waterford.[24]

A key person for Bulcombe in his new diocese was Edmund Mandeville, precentor of Lismore. This cleric was “skilled in canon law” and had for a long time served Robert, late bishop of Lismore and Waterford as the official-general. Mandeville was also a papal chaplain but more importantly he was approved by both chapters in the diocese. The chapter in Waterford recommended to the Pope that Edmund should be precentor of Lismore and the chapter of Lismore elected him. After his election Mandeville went to the Rome and stayed there at great expense, securing his position and conducting business of the diocese. For this, in June 1475, the Pope granted Mandeville a yearly pension for life of £12 sterling on the episcopal mensa of the diocese. John Bulcombe, still only bishop elect, was instructed to pay this pension even after his consecration and by his successors.[25]

John Bulcombe was not long in the bishop’s chair before he was called to settle a dispute between claimants for the position of prior of St. Catherine’s priory near Waterford. When the position of prior became vacant about 1475 William Winchiton petitioned the Pope for the job and was granted same. But William failed to mention that Patrick Cantwell, an Augustinian canon held non-peaceful possession of the priory. At William’s arrival Cantwell petitioned the Pope to keep the position. Pope Sixtus sent the dispute to John, bishop of Calahorrha to decide the matter and he found for William. Following this the official of Waterford accepted William as canon of the priory and acknowledged him as prior.

But William was consistently attacked by John Cantwell over the succeeding few months. In 1476 both claimants brought their case to Bishop Bulcombe and two others for arbitration. Bishop Bulcombe declared that William was the lawful prior and that Cantwell should resign any rights. Following this William held the priory in peaceful possession for five years until 1481 when Thomas Cor, a priest of the Waterford diocese challenged him. Cor petitioned the Pope and got the job after the treasurer of Waterford, David Sarghent, although finding that William committed no crimes, removed him and installed Thomas Cor. Another petition went to the Pope and it was left to the abbot of Mothel to settle the matter and restore William if he found him as the rightful prior.[26]

In 1480 Nicholas O’Hennessy, Cistercian abbot of Fermoy, claimed to have provision to the see of Lismore and Waterford on the basis that the absentee John Bulcombe had resigned.[27] As late as 1492 Nicholas O’Hennessy was still claiming to be the bishop of Lismore.[28]

Without an episcopal register it is difficult to say what involvement John Bulcombe had in the management of the joint diocese. He did not spend his full term of office in Ireland. The Bawdrip land case referred to above said that Fisher believed that Bulcombe was staying in England for some time and so should be sent a sub poena to appear at the chancery court.[29]

In 1480/1 an event occurred in the Waterford diocese that surely did not happen without Bulcombe’s acknowledgement and possible encouragement. This event was the combined action of a number of religious houses and the chapter of Christ Church to increase the rent across their estates. The religious houses involved were the priory of Friars Hospitallers, the priory of Bath (whose daughter houses was the priory of St. John’s), the priory of St. Katherine, Dunbrody abbey, Tintern abbey and the house of St. Stephen along with other minor houses. They sought bills of resumption and acts of Parliament to order the cancel existing leases and so renew the leases with an increase in the rent.

This action produced a massive reaction by the local population in and around Waterford city. The resistance campaign was led by the city mayor, James Rice. Instructions were given that if anyone took these new leases on any house, mill, land or tenement that they could only do so with the consent of the disposed tenant. If anyone broke this instruction they were to pay a fine of £100 and the disposed tenant could bring an action of debt against them in the city court. In these circumstances the offender could lose his franchise if a freeman or be banned forever from the city if he was a stranger. A city ordinance passed later in that year confirmed the validity of the existing leases.[30]

This tenant resistance movement reminds one of The Plan of Campaign in the 1880s where people who took the land of disposed tenants were boycotted.  

In January 1483 John Bulcombe, while still bishop of Waterford, exchanged the rectory of Bawdrip in Somerset for the vicarage of Highworth in Wiltshire with Master Michael Coly. The institution of Coly to Bawdrip was much like Bulcombe’s first appointment to a benefice as Coly was represented by his proctor, Sir John Carram, chaplain.[31] About a hundred years later Bawdrip begin its second association with the diocese of Waterford and Lismore when John Atherton was made rector in 1585.[32] He was the father of John Atherton who became bishop of Waterford and Lismore in May 1636.[33]

John Bulcombe’s association with Berkshire continued into the 1480s. In May 1484 he exchanged the rectory of Longworth for that of Hinton Waldrist. Both of these parishes were in Berkshire. There is no record yet found to say when Bulcombe was first admitted to Longworth or when he ended his term in Hinton Waldrist.[34]

A.B. Emden suggested that John Bulcombe died sometime around 1486.[35] There is no suggestion that he left any illegitimate family but a number of Bulcombe people begin to appear within the next twenty years. Around 1500 a second John Bulcombe appears in the diocese of Bath and Wells. In March 1501 he was a sub-deacon in the diocese.[36] He had studied at Merton College, Oxford around 1500-1501.[37] Over the next forty years he served in various clerical positions in a number of English dioceses.[38]

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[1] Sir H.C. Maxwell-Lyte & M.C.B. Dawes (eds.), The register of Thomas Bekynton, bishop of Bath and Wells 1443-1465 (Somerset Record Society, vol. xlix, 1934), part 1, no. 1606
[2] A.B. Emden, A biographical register of the University of Oxford to A.D. 1500 (3 vols. Oxford, 1989), vol. 1, p. 301
[3] Bridget Wells-Furby (ed.), A catalogue of the medieval muniments at Berkeley Castle (Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society, vol. 18, 2004), p. 938
[4] Sir H.C. Maxwell-Lyte (ed.), The Registers of Robert Stillington, bishop of Bath and Wells 1466-1491 and Richard Fox, bishop of Bath and Wells 1492-1494 (Somerset Record Society, vol. LII, 1937), no. 129
[5] A.B. Emden, A biographical register of the University of Oxford to A.D. 1500 (3 vols. Oxford, 1989), vol. 1, p. 301
[6] A.B. Emden, A biographical register of the University of Oxford to A.D. 1500, vol. 1, p. 301
[7] A.B. Emden, A biographical register of the University of Oxford to A.D. 1500, vol. 1, p. xxx
[8] A.B. Emden, A biographical register of the University of Oxford to A.D. 1500, vol. 2, p. 753
[9] Rev. H.E. Salter (ed.), Medieval archives of the University of Oxford (Oxford Historical Society, vol. lxx, 1920), vol. 1, p. v
[10] Tim Cooper, The last generations of English catholic clergy: parish priests in the diocese of Coventry and Lichfield in the early sixteenth century (Boydell & Brewer, 1999), p. 40?
[11] A.B. Emden, A biographical register of the University of Oxford to A.D. 1500, vol. 1, p. 301: Register Beauchamp, Sarum, I, part ii, folio. 200
[12] Sir H.C. Maxwell-Lyte (ed.), The Reg. of Robert Stillington & Richard Fox, bishops of Bath & Wells, no. 129
[13] Tim Cooper, The last generations of English catholic clergy: parish priests in the diocese of Coventry and Lichfield in the early sixteenth century (Boydell & Brewer, 1999), p. 40
[14] Sir H.C. Maxwell-Lyte (ed.), The Reg. of Robert Stillington & Richard Fox, bishops of Bath & Wells, no. 752
[15] Sir H.C. Maxwell-Lyte (ed.), The Reg. of Robert Stillington & Richard Fox, bishops of Bath & Wells, no. 250
[16] Sir H.C. Maxwell-Lyte (ed.), The Reg. of Robert Stillington & Richard Fox, bishops of Bath & Wells, no. 933
[17] A.B. Emden, A biographical register of the University of Oxford to A.D. 1500, vol. 1, p. 301: Register Rotherham, Lincoln, xxi, folio 79v
[18] A.B. Emden, A biographical register of the University of Oxford to A.D. 1500, vol. 1, p. 301: Register Beauchamp, I, part I, folios 171v, 177v, 178v
[19] Sir H.C. Maxwell-Lyte (ed.), The Reg. of Robert Stillington & Richard Fox, bishops of Bath & Wells, no. 303
[20] Sir H.C. Maxwell-Lyte (ed.), The Registers of Oliver King, bishop of Bath and Wells 1496-1503 and Hadrian de Castello, bishop of Bath and Wells 1503-1518 (Somerset Record Society, vol. liv, 1939), no. 41
[21] Sir H.C. Maxwell-Lyte (ed.), The Reg. of Robert Stillington & Richard Fox, bishops of Bath & Wells, no. 320
[22] Victorian County History: Somerset, vol. 6, p. 189
[23] Paul Dryburgh and Brendan Smith (eds.), Handbook and Select Calendar of Sources for Medieval Ireland in the National Archives of the United Kingdom (Dublin, 2005), p. 136
[24] J.A. Twemlow (ed.), Calendar of entries in the Papal Registers relating to Great Britain and Ireland, volume XIII, 1471-1484 (London, 1955), p. 40
[25] J.A. Twemlow (ed.), Calendar of entries in the Papal Registers relating to Great Britain and Ireland, volume XIII (London, 1955), p. 40
[26] J.A. Twemlow (ed.), Calendar of entries in the Papal Registers, pp. 109-110
[27] James F. Lydon, Terence B. Barry, Robin Frame and Katherine Simms (eds.), Colony and frontier in medieval Ireland: essays presented to J.F. Lydon (1995), p. 147
[28] Michael J. Haren (ed.), Calendar of entries in the Papal Registers relating to Great Britain and Ireland, volume XV, 1484-1492 (Dublin, 1978), no. 875
[29] Paul Dryburgh & Brendan Smith (eds.), Calendar of Sources for Medieval Ire. in the N.A. of the U.K., p. 136
[30] Niall J. Byrne (ed.), The Great Parchment Book of Waterford (Dublin, 2007), pp. xx-xxi, 96
[31] Sir H.C. Maxwell-Lyte (ed.), The Reg. of Robert Stillington & Richard Fox, bishops of Bath & Wells, no. 692
[32] R.W. Dunning and C.R. Elrington (eds.), Victorian County History: Somerset (1992), vol. 6, p. 191
[33] Aidan Clarke, ‘The Atherton file’, in Decies, no. 11 (1979), p. 45
[34] Calendar of the Patent Rolls, 1476-1485, p. 441
[35] A.B. Emden, A biographical register of the University of Oxford to A.D. 1500, vol. 1, p. 302
[36] Sir H.C. Maxwell-Lyte (ed.), The Reg. of Oliver King & Hadrian de Castello, bishops of Bath & Wells, no. 41
[37] A.B. Emden, A biographical register of the University of Oxford to A.D. 1500, vol. 1, p. 302
[38] Sir H.C. Maxwell-Lyte (ed.), The Registers of Thomas Wolsey, bishop of Bath and Wells 1518-1523, John Clerke, bishop of Bath and Wells 1523-1541, William Knight, bishop of Bath and Wells 1541-1547 and Gilbert Bourne, bishop of Bath and Wells 1554-1559 (Somerset Record Society, vol. lv, 1940), nos. 412, 553