Thomas le Reve,
first Bishop of the united diocese of
Lismore and
Waterford
Niall C.E.J. O’Brien
Six hundred and fifty years
ago, in 1363, the two dioceses of Lismore and Waterford were united under one
bishop. For nearly 160 years the various bishops of Waterford had ambitions to
be that first united bishop but in the end it was the Bishop of Lismore who became the first bishop of the united
diocese of Lismore and Waterford. This article is a short biography of Thomas
le Reve, Bishop of Lismore and Waterford.
The writing of a biography on
a medieval bishop, and of his diocese, is much easier in countries like England
where registers of the bishops survive to give the bulk of the information
needed which can be supplemented with other sources. In Ireland, extensive
registers only exist for the archbishops of Armagh and to a lesser extent,
Dublin. For the other dioceses, it is more often the case that a paragraph or
two can only be written. Thus we are fortunate in writing a biography of Thomas
le Reve, Bishop of Lismore and later Bishop of the united diocese of Lismore
and Waterford, to have a number of sources, scattered across the medieval
archive, to help the task.
The early life of Thomas le Reve
The early life of Thomas le
Reve is still in darkness. He was a canon at Lismore cathedral before he became
Bishop of Lismore but it is unknown if he was a native of the diocese. He held
a number of church positions in other dioceses which would suggest le Reve came
from another diocese. He held the Archdeaconry of Cashel, valued at £16 with an
attached canonry and prebend, valued at 40s. After his consecration as bishop,
he gave up these positions. John O’Grady, of the diocese of Killaloe,
successfully petitioned the pope for these positions in June 1359
notwithstanding that he had canonries and prebends in four dioceses, including
Cashel.[1]
Thomas le Reve held a canonry
in the diocese of Cloyne along with the prebend of Cullenen (Cooliney, Cullen)
which was valued at 5 marks. Following his promotion to the See of Lismore the
canonry and prebend were given to Richard Gate, of the Diocese of Lichfield, in
1358. Richard was a nephew of John Gate, Treasurer of Dublin and held the
canonry and prebend of Typerkenny in St. Patrick’s, Dublin.[2]
Outside of the ecclesiastical
world le Reve made an appearance at this time. In July 1356 Master Thomas le
Reve, cleric, witnessed a military indenture made at Cashel between James, Earl
of Ormond and Sir Richard, son of Edmund de Burgo.[3]
The diocese of Lismore before le
Reve
John Leynagh was made Bishop of
Lismore in 1322.[4] He was
consecrated on the same Palm Sunday as Nicholas Welifed was made Bishop of
Waterford.[5] It
was first decreed by Pope John XXII in 1327 that the two dioceses should merge
following the death or removal of either bishop. The separate cathedrals would
continue their independent existence with their own chapters but they could act
as one in electing a bishop.[6]
When Bishop Leynagh died in 1354 this merger should have occurred but it didn’t.[7]
Instead the Lismore diocese remained in the king’s hands for nearly four years.
In the summer of 1356 Roger, Bishop
of Waterford went to England with a provision of staying for three years. While
there he petitioned the King to deliver the temporalities of the vacant See of
Lismore to him. He cited the previous papal provision of Pope John, which was
promoted by Edward II, that the two dioceses of Waterford and Lismore would be
joined under one bishop on the death or transfer of the other bishop. Now that
Lismore was vacant, Roger wanted to become the first bishop of the united
diocese. Edward III agreed and issued patent letters to the justiciar and
chancellor of Ireland to implement the union.[8]
The Dublin government failed
to implement the union but instead used the vacant See of Lismore to present
its own officials. In October 1355 the king had presented the Lismore prebend
of Kilmolran to William de Tyryngton under the great seal of England. This was
countermanded somewhat in June 1356 by the presentation of Thomas Minot (third
baron of the Irish exchequer from 1356 and later Archbishop of Dublin), to the
prebend of Kilmolran and Dissert.[9]
This presentation was then countermanded in October 1356 by the presentation of
William de Tyryngton to the joint prebend. In such times of confusion and
apparent lack of control by royal officials, others decided to help themselves
to a benefice or two in the vacant diocese. Thus Dublin officials used the seal
of Ireland to collate the king’s clerk, Thomas de Cotyngham to the same
prebend. William complained to Edward III and the king issued a new patent in
June 1357 revoking any collation made to de Cotyngham.[10]
Thomas le Reve was a canon at
Lismore cathedral throughout all this period when the See was vacant and the
diocese was a place of rich harvest for those seeking church benefices. It is
not clear if Thomas held a prebend with his canonry. There was certainly a lot
more canons in the cathedral than there were prebends available. In 1350 Bishop
John Leynagh had created a new prebend from a portion of an existing parish and
united it with the vicarage of Dungarvan.[11] This
last act was to give the prebend a sufficient income for the occupying canon.
Many career conscious clerics
wanted to become canons in a cathedral while the more ambitious clerics were
canons in a number of different cathedrals. Thomas le Reve was also a canon in
the cathedrals of Cashel and Cloyne. The reason for this concentration and over
supply of canons, seen in Lismore in the 1340s, was mainly two fold. In the
first instance, many papal mandates, secured from the pope by those seeking
benefices, usually had a canon or two as judges in the case. If a canon was to
judge favourably on the petitioner for the benefice than future rewards and
payback would be expected. Another
reason to become a canon was that the canons with the cathedral officials like
the dean, elected the new bishop. By this act, some of the canons who backed
the successful candidate would expect a reward from the new bishop of a parish
or two.
The crossing within Lismore Cathedral looking north-west
Thomas le Reve, Bishop of Lismore
In 1358 Thomas le Reve vacated
his canonic position in Lismore
cathedral after the pope had approved of his election to succeed John Leynagh as
Bishop of Lismore. On 24 August 1358, Edward III issued a patent letter
ordering the justiciar and chancellor of Ireland to deliver the temporalities
of the diocese to Thomas following the latter’s declaration of fealty to the
king. A similar letter was sent to the escheator of Ireland and a writ de intendendo was sent to the
bishopric tenants to obey and be loyal to their new lord.[12]
In July 1358 Bishop Thomas got
a papal grant of indulgence for one year and forty days for anybody who visited
Lismore cathedral and contributed to the fabric of same. Bishop Thomas said
that the cathedral had suffered from hostile attacks.[13] It
was not stated who had made these attacks.
It could have been Irish attacks but more possibly attributed to some
Anglo-Norman family in the Desmond rebellion or in the fight between the Roches
and the Condons in North-East Cork.
The parish network that Bishop
le Reve succeeded to was unchanged for two hundred years. The job of finding
clerics to fill these parishes was a constantly changing job. Many of the
parishes were outside the bishop’s area of appointment as the right of
presentation was held by various abbeys and priorys. In addition, a large area
in the centre of the diocese was under presentation of the king. This was
centred on the Dungarvan rectory and its subordinate parishes. The Earl of
Desmond should have the right of presentation but the king exercised this right
because of Desmond’s many rebellions and because Dungarvan was formerly a royal
manor and so the crown felt it had some ancient right to the rectory.[14]
Many people who were presented
as rectors of Dungarvan and clergy in the subordinate parishes were government
ministers and officials in Dublin. Their presentation was a reward for past
services and/or a source of extra income. For example, John de Balscote was
appointed by the crown to the vicarage of Clashmore in 1356 after ending his
second term as deputy treasurer of Ireland, and this was simply confirmed by
Bishop le Reve in 1358.[15]
De Balscote was previously Rector of Dungarvan from 1331 until 1355 during
which time he was Chamberlain of the Dublin exchequer (1326-1332), clerk of the
wages (1332 & 1441), Engrosser of
the exchequer (1332 to 1344) and Deputy Treasurer of Ireland (1341 to 1343).[16]
Incidents later occurred where
the crown made a presentation of William de Wynterton to the prebend of
Kilgobinet in September 1359, declaring that this grant was made while the
diocese was vacant and instructing Bishop Thomas to admit William.[17]
In this case, Bishop le Reve seems to have cooperated with the government. Yet
his support had often the appearance of support rather than actual assistance
given.
Around 1359, the king
presented Robert Brown to the vicarage of Dungarvan yet the right of presentation
was questioned by many locals across Munster. Bishop le Reve seemed to support
the king’s right and Robert’s claim. The bishop travelled around Munster with
Robert Brown meeting the objectors and showing the king’s writs. While in
company together, they were attacked by Thomas Odure (from Tipperary) and his
followers. They captured Brown and took him to the wood of Urlyf where he
remained in irons and under strict custody for six weeks.[18]
Bishop le Reve and the others in the party seemed not to have suffered any
injuries and were allowed to go on their way.
After he became Bishop of
Lismore, Thomas le Reve gave up a number of benefices he held in other dioceses, yet this did not stop him from being involved
in other dioceses. Sometime before 1361 Robert Godyn, clerk, got a papal
provision of the treasurership of St. Mary’s cathedral in Limerick. The crown
judged that Godyn had trespassed upon the position contrary to the statute of
provisors and revoked the provision. In the arguments with the crown, Thomas le
Reve, then Bishop of Lismore and Robert Haket acted as sureties for Robert
Godyn. At Easter term in 1361, the sureties paid a fine of £5 into the Irish
exchequer for this trespass. In 1364 this fine was repaid to the sureties on
Robert Godyn receiving a pardon for his offence.[19]
Government commissions and
positions of attorney
Over the years Bishop le Reve
received various government commissions. He was also involved in receiving attorneys
for those absent from Ireland as well as acting as an Irish attorney for absent
people. In August 1359, Bishop le Reve was given a commission of oyer and terminer with Sir Richard
Dacton, John Keppock and Roger Devenyssh. They were to enquire into the
complaints made by the citizens of Waterford city that English and Irish
vessels were loading and unloading their cargos in other part of the Suir
estuary. This was contrary to the many royal charters and grants given to
Waterford city that all vessels in the Suir estuary had to load and unload in
the city and thus pay charges to the city authorities.[20]
Ten years later, in July 1369 Bishop
le Reve received letters from Robert Raven and Richard Brok who were acting as
attorneys in England for Henry Golofre of Leicester who was staying in Ireland
for a year.[21] The
bishop was no longer chancellor of Ireland at that time but still involved
himself on the fringes of the Dublin administration. Bishop le Reve would have
known Henry Golofre as, in 1361; he was presented to the church of Youghal by
the justiciar of Ireland in opposition to the king’s nominee of John de Hirst.
In June 1363 Golofre violently entered Youghal church, beat the servants of de
Hirst and seized the place.[22]
Bishop le Reve was used to entering a benefice without proper authority and
must have looked upon Henry as a fellow ambitious cleric.
On occasions, the bishop acted
as attorney in Ireland for people staying in England. In October 1367 he got, along
with Robert Preston, such a commission from Roger de Clifford who was staying
in England.[23]
Bishop of the united diocese of
Lismore and Waterford
In 1362 Bishop Roger Cradock
of Waterford was transferred to the diocese of Llandaff in Wales.[24]
The Waterford chapter did not elect a new bishop but accepted Bishop Thomas le
Reve of Lismore as the first bishop of a united diocese. The presence of
Thomas’s possible kinsman, Walter le Reve as Dean of Waterford cathedral played
an important part in this union. If Walter was not in Waterford it is very
possible that a new bishop would have been elected, and the two dioceses would
therefore have remained separate.
The two men had connections
before 1362. Walter le Reve was elected Dean of Waterford in 1351 following the
death of Adam Lok. Seven years later Bishop Thomas secured a papal grant of
confirmation as Walter had only been confirmed by the then Bishop of Waterford.[25]
Edward III issued a patent
letter in October 1363 to the Justiciar and Chancellor of Ireland to mandate
that they recognise Thomas as bishop of the joint dioceses. The escheator was told to deliver the temporalities to Thomas and
a writ de intendendo was sent to the
tenants of the Waterford diocese to recognise their new lord.[26]
In July 1363 Bishop le Reve
was at the papal court in Avignon, France.[27]
He went there to secure a portable altar for himself (which was granted).
He also sought a relaxation of three years to those who visited the cathedrals
at Lismore and Waterford and gave financial support to the reconstruction of
same. This was only given for one year and forty days. Thomas wanted to create
four notaries (he was allowed two), and
for conservators for himself and his two churches for seven years (he was allowed
five years). Bishop le Reve was more
successful at getting power to dispense two persons on account of illegitimacy
so that they could hold cathedral benefices. Thomas also got a grant for his
clerk, William Herwardstok of a canonry of Wherwell, with the expectation of a
prebend, notwithstanding that he already held the church of Bonewell in the
diocese of Norwich.[28]
This latter involvement by
Bishop le Reve in securing church positions in other dioceses for his friends
and associates was repeated much closer to home. In November 1367, Edward III
presented David Gower to the vacant church of Galtrim in the diocese of Meath
in the full contentment of a job well done. Yet a few months later David petitioned
the King that he was refused admittance by the spiritual guardian of the
diocese. Instead, the guardian acknowledged the appointment of Walter le Reve,
by Bishop le Reve. The Bishop was then Chancellor of Ireland and used his
official position to make letters patent under the seal of Ireland to make the
presentation official and had it back dated to before David Gower’s
presentation. Edward III was would
not accept this abuse and in March 1368, ordered the guardian to admit Gower to
the parish.[29]
In the first week of Lent,
1367 the Bishop of Lismore and Waterford attended the famous parliament at
Kilkenny which passed the even more famous Statute
of Kilkenny. This legislation confined its area of operation to the English
part of Ireland where it sought to control the interaction between the two
races. Among its provisions were that no Irishman should be admitted to any
cathedral, collegiate church or benefice; that ecclesiastics living amongst
those who used Irish could have the profits of their benefice seized by their
superior and that religious houses should admit Englishmen without considering
if they were born in England or Ireland. The bishops at the parliament agreed
to excommunicate anyone who broke the spirit of the statutes.[30]
Thomas le Reve as Chancellor of
Ireland
On 20 February 1367 Bishop le
Reve was appointed Chancellor of Ireland.[31] This
position was second only to the justiciar in the Dublin administration and paid
£40 per year.[32] The
office of chancellor and the chancery, which he headed, started in the mid
thirteenth century when the task of administrating Ireland required a greater
secretariat of government. Previously letters and writs had been issued by the
chancellor in England or by the justiciar in Ireland. The chancellor was aided
by a group of chancery clerks yet not always in great numbers. By the 1350s
there was just one permanent clerk and one assistant.[33]
The issue rolls and the
enrolled accounts of Treasurer John de Troy for the years of 1366 to 1368 have
not survived. The enrolled accounts of Treasurer Stephen de Vale, Bishop of
Limerick, for the years 1368 to 1372 only give a total figure for the payments
made to government ministers.[34]
Thus the usual sources of information on government ministers are not available
for the time when Thomas le Reve was Chancellor of Ireland.
Some activities of Bishop le
Reve as Chancellor included the mandate in June 1367 to deliver the
temporalities of the bishopric of Down after William, late prior of Conall, was
accepted by the king as the new bishop.[35] In
October 1367, along with Robert Preston, Bishop le Reve got a commission to
enquire into the profits due to the king from the Irish exchequer and what
wages the exchequer ministers were given when working there. The king’s debts
and the revenue from the royal lands also formed part of the enquiry.[36]
In November 1367, Bishop le
Reve, along with John de Troy, treasurer; Robert de Holiwode, chief baron of
the exchequer and Robert Preston, chief justice of the Common Bench was
commissioned to enquire if the manor of Rathgell (Rathkeale) in County Limerick
was held by the Mautravers family directly from the king or via the countess of
Desmond.[37] This
inquiry, if it was carried out, produced no definitive answer. In February 1369
and again in December 1374 a new commission was instructed to enquire into the same question using nearly the same wording.[38]
On 25 May 1368 Thomas de
Burleye, prior of the Irish Hospital, was appointed Chancellor of Ireland and le Reve was removed. The
inappropriate use of the Irish seal made by le Reve, as noted above, may have
been the cause of his removal. Yet the bishop had some friends left within
earshot of the king. By 20 June 1368 the king wished to restore Thomas le Reve
to the chancellorship of Ireland and revoked Burleye’s appointment. The
appointment of Stephen Vale, Bishop of Limerick, as Treasurer of Ireland was
also revoked at the same time, when John de Troy reassumed that office.[39]
Later that same year, another
change was made and Burleye was reappointed chancellor. A writ of liberate was issued to the treasurer
and chamberlains of the Irish exchequer on 23 November 1368 which authorised
the payment of £20 to Burleye, as part payment of the chancellor’s annual fee.
The £20 was payable for Burleye’s period of office as from 18 June to 18
December 1368.[40] This destroyed any evidence that le Reve was
reinstated as chancellor. Stephen de Vale was also reinstated as treasurer of
Ireland from 18 July 1368.[41] This
positioning of Bishop le Reve and Bishop de Vale on opposite sides of
government was to start a long running feud between the two clerics.
Bishop le Reve and William de
Windsor
Thomas le Reve attended the
parliament held at Kilkenny on 7 January 1371 in his capacity as Bishop of
Lismore.[42] In July
1372, Bishop le Reve went to London. The Treasurer of Ireland, and Bishop of
Limerick, Stephen Vale, had just sent his attorney to London to give an audit
of his account.[43] The
Bishop of Lismore objected to the accounts because the receipt rolls did not
include the income from the parliamentary subsidies and other items. The Chamberlain,
who was present, said that such income went directly to the Lieutenant, who was William de Windsor. At this de
Windsor was called to explain and did so.[44]
Bishop le Reve was no doubt
delighted with the proceedings thus far. His true objective was not to
criticise Bishop Stephen Vale as Treasurer but ensnare William de Windsor and maybe precipitate his dismissal. William de
Windsor sent a written response to London outlining how he got the subsidy and
what he did with it. He said that both the Bishops of Cloyne and Lismore were
at the parliament when he got the subsidy and did not raise any objections.[45]
There was no judgement given
to either party at this stage. Rather a writ of inquiry was sent to the new Justiciar, Robert de Ashton and to Bishop le
Reve, to survey and examine all the accounts of Bishop Stephen during his time
as Treasurer. The justiciar and the
bishop also got a commission to hold an inquisition into what sources of income
William de Windsor had acquired in
Ireland, over and above the income
he received from the English treasury. They were also to establish how many
armed men de Windsor had and what their wages were.[46] These
enquires did not make de Windsor happy, especially when his rival, the Bishop of
Lismore and Waterford was making the enquiry.
When de Windsor made his three
year contract with the king in 1369 he brought an army of 200 men at arms and
300 archers for the first year; 120 and 200 for the second year and 80 and 150
for the third. For this he was to receive £10,000 in the first year, £6,000 in
the second and £4,000 in the last year. In addition, de Windsor brought an
extra 50 men at arms and 60 archers for which he received £2,300 to cover their
wages. The new Lieutenant was appointed to bring peace to Ireland by defeating
the king’s enemies with his large army while also restoring the finances of the
Dublin government so that Ireland could again pay its own way and not be
reliant on subsidies from England. This financial task demanded increased
taxation which was resisted by the lords and bishops and was the source of
their dislike of de Windsor.[47]
The matter was adjourned until
June 1373 when both de Windsor and Bishop Stephen Vale again appeared in
London. Bishop Stephen did most of the explaining. No conclusion was made on
this occasion and the proceedings were further adjourned until October. After
that time the proceedings were adjourned indefinitely.[48]
The strained relations between
Bishop le Reve and William de Windsor did not improve after the London altercation. The two clashed over the prebend of New Chapel
in Malaghyman in the cathedral church of Cashel. The archbishop of Cashel had
died and the diocese of Cashel then fell to the King as was the normal practice
when a diocese became void.[49]
Therefore Edward III had the right to appoint any cleric to a vacant benefice
at Cashel. In July 1374 he appointed John Davy to the vacant prebend of New
Chapel and ordered the spiritual guardian of Cashel to admit John to the cathedral
with a stall and a place in the chapter.
The spiritual guardian on this
occasion was Bishop le Reve and he refused to admit John Davy. Le Reve had
previously appointed James Boys to the vacant prebend on the pretext of a
collation made under the seal of Ireland by Robert de Ashton, former justiciar
of Ireland. Edward III made it clear that no justiciar of Ireland had the right
to grant prebends that were in the King’s gift and ordered all such collations
to the prebend to be revoked. The King instructed the new archbishop of Cashel,
Philip, to admit the King’s appointment. Edward III sent a further mandate to
William de Windsor and the Chancellor of Ireland to ‘cause to be sealed under
the seal of Ireland as many writs as the said John shall require in prosecuting
the king’s right’.[50] This
affair over the Cashel prebend is a practically a repetition of the earlier
attempt by Bishop le Reve to impose his brother into a church in Meath while
using the seal of Ireland.
In 1374 the English crown
renewed its programme of a self-financing Ireland. A parliament was summoned
at Kilkenny to collect what the government judged to be a reasonable taxation
to maintain the country. The bishops, lords and commons resisted this measure
with stories of poverty. Bishop le Reve asserterted that his diocese was unable to pay because of the notorious
extreme poverty of his clergy caused by the constant war with the Irish and
that the only resident clergy within the diocese lived among the king’s enemies
and thus no taxation could be collected from that quarter.[51]
A parliament was held at
Kilkenny on 4 July 1375 at which ecclesiastical assessors, collectors and
receivers were appointed for the collection of a subsidy. The diocese of Waterford
and Lismore was assessed for £100 and Bishop Thomas was appointed both the
collector and receiver. In other diocese, such as in Cloyne, Ferns and Emly,
named clerics were appointed for the job.[52]
William de Windsor was still the lieutenant and took great pleasure in having
le Reve as a tax collector as such a
job, since the dawn of government was, and in many ways still is, a most
detested position.
Later years of Bishop le Reve
In 1376, Bishop le Reve sent a
petition to the king that indictments made before Robert de Ashton and Robert
de Preston in Ireland be sent to the king’s council in England for expedition.[53]
An ordinary council meeting
was held in Cork in January 1382 at which the chancellor, John Colton, was
elected justiciar until the next parliament or great council. Thomas was unable
or couldn’t be bothered going and so sent a proctor in act in his absence.[54] A
few years later, in July 1385 Bishop le Reve did attend a council held at
Kildare. His presence was appreciated as in the absence of the king’s Lieutenant
a commission of four persons was elected to preside at the meeting. The four
were the chancellor, the Earls of Desmond and Ormond and Bishop le Reve.
Prelates, magnates and king’s ministers were present to deal with an array of
petitions and other business of government.[55]
In that same month of July
1385, Bishop le Reve was made a supervisor of the peace for Tipperary along
with Peter Haket, Archbishop of Cashel.[56]
Le Reve remained as Bishop of Lismore and Waterford until 1393. In that
year he died of old age.[57] It
is very possible that he fathered a son as celibacy was not something the Irish
church took very seriously unless one wanted a benefice for which celibacy
was a requirement. There was a John
Reve as Vicar of Kilmeaden from about 1386 to 1389. He was also Archdeacon of
Lismore from about 1384 to approximately
1426 when he died.[58]
There was also a Thomas Reve who was precentor at Lismore from about 1393 to
before 1427 by which time he had died.[59]
Conclusion
The idea of Bishop le Reve
having a son is only speculation. What is of certain knowledge is that Thomas
le Reve became Bishop of Lismore when such an honour should not have been
available to him. The Bishop of Waterford should have become first bishop of
the united dioceses. As Bishop of Lismore, Thomas le Reve made efforts to
improve his diocese. His work did not go unrewarded.
When the Diocese of Waterford
became vacant in 1363 Thomas le Reve was in a good position. He had made good
connections and shown good ability to impress the Waterford chapter along with
the English king to succeed as Bishop of Waterford. The often violent conflict
between the two dioceses since the early days of the Norman invasion was at an
end. The bishop from the Irish diocese had become bishop of the English
diocese. In the 1480s conflict again appeared between the two cathedral
chapters but the reality of the united diocese remained.
Medieval documents referred to
the new bishop as the Bishop of Lismore and Waterford and this title was given
also to the successors of le Reve. It was only in Tudor times, and more after
the Reformation, that the title changed to that of Bishop of Waterford and
Lismore. The bright lights of city life and the sale of the Lismore castle and
manor confirmed the changed of title as a reflection of reality.
Yet the greatest achievement
of Thomas le Reve is that six hundred and fifty years after he became first
bishop of the united diocese is that the union should still remain.
[1] W.H. Bliss, Calendar of Papal
Registers relating to Great Britain and Ireland: Petitions to the Pope, vol. I,
1342-1419 (H.M.S.O., London, 1896), p. 342
[2] W.H. Bliss, Calendar of Papal
Registers: Petitions to the Pope, vol. I, 1342-1419, p. 308
[4] Rev. W. Rennison, Succession
list of the Bishop, Cathedral and parochial Clergy of the Diocese of Waterford
and Lismore (1920), p. 33
[5] Bernadette Williams, The
Annals of Ireland by Friar John Clyn (Dublin, Four Courts Press, 2007), p.
176
[6] Canon Patrick Power, ‘Obligations pro anntis Diocesis Lismorensis,
1426-1529’, in Archivium Hibernicum, no. 12 (1946), p. 48
[7] G.O. Sayles, Documents on the
Affairs of Ireland Before the King’s
Council (Dublin, Irish Manuscripts Commission, 1979), p. 151
[8] Calendar of the Patent Rolls,
Edward III (1354-1358), p. 440, 473-4 care of www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/patentrolls
[9] Calendar of the Patent Rolls,
Edward III (1354-1358), pp. 284, 440, 46-; Philomena Connolly, Irish
Exchequer Payments (Dublin, 1998), pp. 488, 517
[10] Calendar of the Patent Rolls,
Edward III (1354-1358), p. 569
[11] Calendar of the Patent Rolls,
Edward III (1350-1354), p. 538
[12] Calendar of the Patent Rolls,
Edward III (1358-1361), p. 98
[13] W.H. Bliss, Calendar of Papal
Registers: Petitions to the Pope, vol. I, 1342-1419, p. 330
[14] Rev. W. Rennison, Succession
list of the Bishop, Cathedral and parochial Clergy of the Diocese of Waterford
and Lismore (1920), p. 159, note a. The parishes were Affane, Aglish,
Clashmore, Clonea, Colligan, Fews, Kilgobinet, Kilronan, Kinsalebeg, Lisgenan,
Ringagonagh and Whitechurch.
[15] Rev. W. Rennison, Succession
list of the Diocese of Waterford and Lismore, p. 127, note q; Philomena Connolly, Irish
Exchequer Payments (Dublin, Irish Manuscripts Commission, 1998), pp. 460,
465
[16] Rev. W. Rennison, Succession
list of the Diocese of Waterford and Lismore, p. 161; Philomena Connolly, Irish
Exchequer Payments, pp. 322-347, 354, 371, 381, 399, 406-8, 423
[17] Calendar of the Patent Rolls,
Edward III (1358-1361), p. 269
[20] Calendar of the Patent Rolls,
Edward III (1358-1361), p. 284
[21] Calendar of the Patent Rolls,
Edward III (1367-1370), p. 291
[22] Calendar of the Patent Rolls,
Edward III (1361-1364), pp. 132, 371-2
[23] Calendar of the Patent Rolls,
Edward III (1367-1370), p. 14
[24] Canon Patrick Power, ‘Obligations pro anntis Diocesis Lismorensis,
1426-1529’, in Archivium Hibernicum, no. 12 (1946), p. 48
[25] W.H. Bliss (ed.), Calendar of
Papal Registers: Petitions to the Pope, vol. I, 1342-1419, pp. 308, 330
[26] Calendar of the Patent Rolls,
Edward III (1361-1364), p. 400
[27] W.H. Bliss, Calendar of Papal
Registers: Petitions to the Pope, vol. I, 1342-1419, p. 439
[28] W.H. Bliss, Calendar of Papal
Registers: Petitions to the Pope, vol. I, 1342-1419, p. 438
[29] Calendar of the Patent Rolls,
Edward III (1367-1370), pp. 95-6
[30] J.T. Gilbert, History of the
Viceroys of Ireland (Dublin, James Duffy, 1865), pp. 224-7
[31] Calendar of the Patent Rolls,
Edward III (1364-1367), p. 383
[33] G.O. Sayles, ‘The
Administration of Ireland: introduction (a reprint)’, in Analecta Hibernica no. 29 (1980), pp. 15-9
[35] Calendar of the Patent Rolls,
Edward III (1364-1367), p. 410
[36] Calendar of the Patent Rolls,
Edward III (1367-1370), p. 13
[37] Calendar of the Patent Rolls,
Edward III (1367-1370), pp. 59-60
[38] Calendar of the Patent Rolls,
Edward III (1367-1370), pp. 198-9; Calendar
of the Patent Rolls, Edward III (1374-1377), pp. 59-60; James Hogan, ‘Miscellanea of the Chancery,
London’, in Analecta Hibernica, no. 1
(1930), pp. 197, 204
[39] Calendar of the Patent Rolls,
Edward III (1367-1370), p. 123
[40] Paul Dryburgh and Brendan Smith, ‘Calendar of Documents relating to
Medieval Ireland in the series of Ancient Deeds in the National Archives of the
United Kingdom’, in Analecta Hibernica,
no. 39 (2006), p. 49 and note 85
[42] H.G. Richardson and G.O. Sayles, Parliaments and Councils of Mediaeval Ireland, volume 1 (Dublin,
Stationery Office, 1947), pp. 36, 43, 45
[43] H.G. Richardson and G.O. Sayles, Parliaments and Councils of Mediaeval Ireland, volume 1, pp. 40-1
[44] G.O. Sayles, ‘The
Administration of Ireland: introduction (a reprint)’, in Analecta Hibernica no. 29 (1980), p. 60
[45] H.G. Richardson and G.O. Sayles, Parliaments and Councils of Mediaeval Ireland, volume 1, pp. 42-3
[46] Calendar of the Patent Rolls,
Edward III (1370-1374), pp. 238-9
[47] James Lydon, The Lordship of
Ireland in the Middle Ages (Dublin, Four Courts Press, 2003), pp. 157-9
[48] G.O. Sayles, ‘The
Administration of Ireland: introduction (a reprint)’, in Analecta Hibernica no. 29 (1980), p. 60
[49] Rev. John Gleeson, Cashel of
the Kings (Dublin, De Búrca, 2001), p. 192. Archbishop Thomas O’Carroll
died at Cashel on 8 February 1373 and the temporalities were in charged to
Stephen Vale, by then bishop of Meath and so adding more bad feeling to the
clash between le Reve and de Windsor.
[50] Calendar of the Patent Rolls,
Edward III (1370-1374), p. 407
[51] J.T. Gilbert, History of the
Viceroys of Ireland, pp. 235-6
[52] H.G. Richardson and G.O. Sayles, Parliaments and Councils of Mediaeval Ireland, volume 1, p. 65
[53] Philomena Connolly, ‘Irish material in the class of Ancient
Petitions (SC8) in the Public Record Office, London’, in Analecta Hibernica, no. 34 (1987), p. 44; G.O. Sayles, Documents on the Affairs of Ireland Before the King’s Council (Dublin, Irish
Manuscripts Commission, 1979), pp. 233-4
[54] H.G. Richardson and G.O. Sayles, Parliaments and Councils of Mediaeval Ireland, volume 1, pp. 115-6
[55] H.G. Richardson and G.O. Sayles, Parliaments and Councils of Mediaeval Ireland, volume 1, p. xiv
[56] Robin Frame, ‘Commissions of the peace in Ireland, 1302-1464’, in Analecta Hibernica, no. 35 (1992), p. 30
[58] Rev. W. Rennison, Succession
list of the Diocese of Waterford and Lismore, pp. 59, 87; Canon Patrick
Power, ‘Obligations pro anntis Diocesis Lismorensis, 1426-1529’, in Archivium
Hibernicum, no. 12 (1946), pp. 48-9
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The End
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